front 1 Sociology | back 1 As your progress, however, you will acquire a more precise understanding of ________ as the scientific study of social structure, which actually refers to patterns of social relationships. |
front 2 Microsociology | back 2 ___________ is concerned with the study of people as they interact in daily life. |
front 3 Macrosociology | back 3 ______________ focuses on groups without regard to interaction of the people within. We use the term ______________ in referring to the study of societies as a whole as well as to the relationships between social structures within societies. |
front 4 Sociological imagination | back 4 –the set of mind that enables individuals to see the relationship between events and their personal lives and events in their society. The __ ___ invites us to examine the intersection between personal biography social influences. |
front 5 Humanist Sociology
| back 5 ______________, which places human needs and goals at the center and __________, whose objectives to replace human oppression with greater democracy and social justice |
front 6 clinical sociology (sociological practice) | back 6 involves using sociological theories, principles, and research to diagnose and measure social intervention. |
front 7 positivism | back 7 the use of scientific observation and experimentation in the study of social behavior
|
front 8 social statics | back 8 the study of social stability and order |
front 9 social dynamics | back 9 the study of social change
|
front 10 bourgeoisie
| back 10 Marx predicted that ultimately all industrial societies would contain only 2 social classes: the __________, those who owned the means for producing wealth in industrial society and the __________, those who labored at subsistence wages for the bourgeoisie. |
front 11 class conflict | back 11 conflict between those controlling the means for producing wealth and those laboring for them |
front 12 economic determinism | back 12 According to the principle of __________ __________(an idea often associated with Marx) the nature of a society is based on society's economy.
|
front 13 mechanical solidarity | back 13 A consensus is especially characteristic of preindustrial, nonliterate, simple societies based on _______ _______- social unity that comes from a consensus of values and beliefs, strong social pressures for conformity, and dependence on tradition and family. |
front 14 organic solidarity | back 14 social unity based on a complex of highly specialized roles. these roles render society dependent on one another for goods and services. |
front 15 verstehen (italics) | back 15 Understanding the subjective intentions of human social behavior could be accomplished through what Weber called the method of _______ understanding social behavior by putting oneself in the place of others |
front 16 value-free research | back 16 research in which personal biases are not allowed to affect the research process and its outcome. |
front 17 rationalization | back 17 the use of knowledge, reason, planning and objectivity-in industrial society marked a change from the tradition, emotion, superstition, and personal relationships of preindustrial society |
front 18 functionalism | back 18 ________ emphasizes the contributions (functions) performed by each part of society.
|
front 19 dynamic equilibrium | back 19 the idea that society changes yet maintains most of its original structure over time is referred to as _______ _______ a constantly changing balance among the parts |
front 20 manifest functions
| back 20 _______ _______ are intended and recognized at the time; _______ ______are unintended and unrecognized until later. |
front 21 dysfunction | back 21 Not all elements of a society make a positive contribution. Those that have negative consequences result in _______ |
front 22 conflict theory | back 22 _______ ______ emphasizes conflict, competition, change, and constraint within a society |
front 23 power | back 23 those with the most ______, the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their own will-get the largest share of whatever is considered valuable in a society |
front 24 symbol | back 24 A _______ is something chosen to represent something else |
front 25 symbolic interactionism | back 25 the importance of shared symbols is reflected in the formal definition of ______ ______: the theoretical perspective that focuses on interaction among people- interaction based on mutually understood symbols |
front 26 dramaturgy | back 26 an approach that depicts human interactions as theatrical performance |
front 27 presentation of self | back 27 Like actors on stage, people (the performers) present themselves -by their dress, gestures, one of voice- in such a way as to enhance their performance and create in others a favorable evaluation. Goffman labels this effort ______ _ _____ |
front 28 liberal feminism | back 28 Advocates of ____ _____ focus on equal opportunity for women and heightened public awareness of women's rights |
front 29 radical feminism | back 29 dictionary version: the feminist social theory that traces oppression of women to the fact that societies are dominated by men |
front 30 modernism | back 30 is the culmination of the European Enlightenment characterized by a belief that humans are autonomous beings, that legitimate world views can be formed through reason, and that objective truth is knowable. |
front 31 post modernism | back 31 challenging these assumptions, ____ _____ assumes that individuals are not autonomous, that reason is an unreliable way to interpret the world, and that we cannot discover ultimate truth.
|
front 32 post industrial society | back 32 knowledge (information) and service organization dislodge the production of goods as the major source of power and the prime mover of social life. |
front 33 globalization | back 33 is the process by which increasingly permeable geographical boundaries lead different societies to share in common some economic, political, and social arrangements |
front 34 begin of chap 2
| back 34 scientists are expected to prevent their personal biases from influencing the the interpretation of their results. |
front 35 verifiability | back 35 means that a study can be repeated by other scientists. this is possible because scientists report in detail on their research methods. |
front 36 hypotheses | back 36 tentative, testable statements of relationships among variables. These variables must be defined precisely enough to be measurable. |
front 37 operational definition | back 37 Scientist measure variables through the use of _____ _______- definitions of abstract concepts in terms of simpler, observable procedures. |
front 38 population | back 38 consists of all those people with characteristics a researcher wants to study |
front 39 sample | back 39 is a limited number of cases drawn from the larger population |
front 40 causation | back 40 events occur in predictable, nonrandom ways, and one event leads to another |
front 41 multiple causation | back 41 a political scientist once wrote, "if an explanation replies on a single cause, it is surely wrong." Events in physical or social world are generally too complex to be explained by any single factor. For this reason, scientist rely on the principle of _____ ______ |
front 42 variable | back 42 is a characteristic (age, education, social class) that is subject to change |
front 43 quantitative variable | back 43 a variable that can be measured and given a numerical value |
front 44 qualitative variable | back 44 consists of a variation in kind rather than number |
front 45 independent variable | back 45 variables that cause something to occur |
front 46 dependent variables | back 46 variables in which a change or effect can be measured |
front 47 intervening variable | back 47 influences the relationship between an independent and dependent variable |
front 48 correlation | back 48 exists when a change in one variable is associated with a change in the other |
front 49 positive correlation | back 49 exists if both the independent variable and dependent variable change in the same direction |
front 50 negative correlation | back 50 exists when variables change in opposite direction |
front 51 spurious variable | back 51 an apparent relationship between two variables, which is actually produced by a third variable that affects both the original 2 variables |
front 52 experiment | back 52 takes place in a lab; by ruling out all extraneous factors, a researcher can determine the effects if any, of an independent variable and a dependent variable |
front 53 experimental group | back 53 the group exposed to the experimental variable |
front 54 control group | back 54 the group not exposed to the experimental variable |
front 55 matching | back 55 participants in an experiment are matched in pairs according to all factors |
front 56 randomization | back 56 which is preferable to matching, subjects are assigned to the experimental or control group on a random (chance) basis |
front 57 stratified random sample | back 57 for great precision desired, A ____ _____ ______ population is divided into categories such as sex, race, or age |
front 58 questionnaire | back 58 a written set of questions that survey participants answer by themselves |
front 59 interview | back 59 a trained interviewer asks questions and records answers |
front 60 close-ended questions | back 60 those for which a limited predetermined set of answers is possible |
front 61 open ended questions | back 61 ask the respondent to answer in his or her own words |
front 62 secondary analysis | back 62 the use of previously collected information is a well respected method of obtaining data |
front 63 field research | back 63 investigates aspects of social life that cannot be measured quantitatively and that are best understood within a natural setting |
front 64 case study | back 64 the most popular approach to field research is the ____ ____ |
front 65 ethnography | back 65 an approach to field work developed by social anthropologists, attempts a detailed and accurate description of a groups way of life |
front 66 participant observation | back 66 a researcher becomes a temporary member of the group being studied |
front 67 subjective approach | back 67 a prominent example of the _____ ______ is ethnomethodology, a development in microsociology that attempts to uncover taken-for-granted social routines |
front 68 reliability | back 68 a measurement technique must yield consistent results on repeated applications |
front 69 replication | back 69 the duplication of the same study to ascertain its accuracy- is closely linked to both reliability and validity in the reliability and validity problems unknown to original researchers are likely to be revealed as subsequent social scientists. |
front 70 begin chap 3
| back 70 is a peoples way of life that is passes from generation to generation |
front 71 society | back 71 is a group of people living in a defined territory and participating in a common culture |
front 72 norms | back 72 are rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
front 73 folkways | back 73 rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack moral overtones are called |
front 74 mores (pronounced MOR-ays) | back 74 are norms of great moral significance. they are thought to to be vital to the well-being of a society |
front 75 laws | back 75 the third type of norm, are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials. FOLKWAYS AND MORES emerge slowly and often unconsciously created, but ____ are consciously created and enforced |
front 76 taboo | back 76 a ____ is a mos so important that is violation is considered repugnant. although definitions of incest vary from society to society, the incest ____ is generally regarded as the only _____ existing in all societies |
front 77 sanctions | back 77 _____ are rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to NORMS. they can be formal or informal |
front 78 formal sanctions | back 78 _____ _____ are SANCTIONS that may be given only by officially designated persons, such as judges and college professors. |
front 79 informal sanctions | back 79 are sanctions that can be applied by most members of a group, they can also be positive or negative |
front 80 values | back 80 are broad culture principles that most people in a society consider desirable |
front 81 cognition | back 81 is the process of thinking, knowing, or processing information |
front 82 beliefs | back 82 the most important part of cognitive dimension of culture is BELIEFS -ideas concerning the nature of reality |
front 83 nonmaterial culture | back 83 Both the normative and cognitive dimensions are part of _____ _____- the norms, values, and beliefs of a group of people |
front 84 material culture | back 84 consists of the concrete, tangible objects within a culture- automobiles, basketballs, chairs, highways, birth control pills, art, jeans. |
front 85 ideal culture | back 85 refers to cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of society; these are guidelines we claim to accept |
front 86 real culture | back 86 refers to the actual behavior patterns |
front 87 symbols | back 87 things that stand for, or represent, something else- can range from physical objects to words, sounds, smells, and tastes. |
front 88 gestures | back 88 Symbolic culture is not limited to vocal, written, or material symbols. ______, whether in the form of facial expression, body movement, or posture, also carry culturally defined and shared symbolic meanings |
front 89 hypothesis of linguistic relativity | back 89 language is our guide to reality, our view of the world depends on our particular language. our perception of reality is at the mercy of the words and grammatical rules of our language. and because our perceptions are different, our worlds are different. This is known as the _______ _ _____ ______ |
front 90 social category | back 90 is a group of persons who share a social characteristic such as age, sex or religion |
front 91 subculture | back 91 is a group that is a part of the dominant culture but differs from from it in some important respects |
front 92 multiculturalism | back 92 this movement, known as _______ accents the viewpoints, experiences, and contributions of minorities (women as well as ethnic and racial minorities) |
front 93 counterculture | back 93 is a subculture that deliberately and consciously opposes certain central aspects of the dominant culture |
front 94 terrorism | back 94 is the illegal use of violence or threats of violence to intimidate a government, a group, or an individual in pursuit of a political, religious, economic, or social goal |
front 95 ethnocentrism | back 95 people who spend most of their lives with others culturally similar to themselves- who hardly ever deal with people different from themselves-will almost inevitably use their own cultural standards to judge others. this tendency to judge others in relation to one's own standards is referred to as ________ |
front 96 culture shock | back 96 the psychological and social stress we may experience when confronted with a radically different cultural environment- is one such negative consequence |
front 97 cultural relativism | back 97 according to this perspective, we may not view values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes as correct or incorrect, desirable or undesirable; we should view them within the total cultural framework of a people and evaluate them in relation to their place within the larger cultural context of which they are a part rather than according to some alleged universal standard standard that applies across all cultures |
front 98 ethical relativism | back 98 morality (right and wrong) depends on the norms of the group of society in which they exist. an ethical relativists sees no moral absolutes |
front 99 cultural universals | back 99 general cultural traits thought to exist in all cultures. these universals included athletic sports, cooking, courtship, division of labor, education, etiquette, funeral rites, family, goverment, hospitality, housing, incest taboos, inheritance rules, joking, language, law, medicine, marraige, mourning, music, obstetrics, property rights, and tool making |
front 100 cultural particulars | back 100 cultures develop different ways of demonstrating the same universal trait |
front 101 sociobiology | back 101 the study of biological basis of human behavior |
front 102 begin with powerpoint slides
| back 102 *founder/father of Sociology
|
front 103 HERBERT SPENCER 1820-1903 | back 103 *Social Darwinist
|
front 104 KARL MARX 1818-1883 | back 104 *class conflict
|
front 105 EMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917 | back 105 *what holds a society together?
|
front 106 MAX WEBER 1864-1920 | back 106 *Verstehen
|
front 107 HARRIET MARTINEAU 1802-1876 | back 107 *Translated Comte's writings from French to English
|
front 108 JANE ADAMS 1860-1935 | back 108 *Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
|
front 109 W.E.B. DUBOIS 1868-1963 | back 109 *Harvard PhD
|