front 1 What are some of the similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | back 1 -DNA
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front 2 Why is homeostasis important? | back 2 It maintains a stable internal environment. |
front 3 What are biofilms? | back 3 They interact through a multicellular association. |
front 4 _____ is a chemical communication and cooperation between cells. | back 4 Quorum sensing |
front 5 What organizational patterns do eukaryotic and bacterial cells share? | back 5 Genetic organization with DNA in chromosomes, compartmentation with cell membranes, metabolic organization in the cytoplasm, protein synthesis at ribosomes |
front 6 Similar organizational patterns: Cell Theory | back 6 The cell is the fundamental unit of life. |
front 7 Similar organizational patterns: Hereditary | back 7 Information is organized in chromosomes. |
front 8 Similar organizational patterns: Cytoplasm | back 8 Cytoplasm is surrounded by a cell membrane which selectively allows substances in or out of the cell. |
front 9 Similar organizational patterns: Metabolism | back 9 The chemical reactions that occur in the cell. |
front 10 Similar organizational patterns: Protein synthesis | back 10 Occurs at the ribosome. |
front 11 Structural Differences: Membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles | back 11 Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles. Some bacteria have micro compartments surrounded by protein. |
front 12 Structural Differences: Protein/Lipid Transport | back 12 Eukaryotes: Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
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front 13 Structural Difference: Mitochondria | back 13 Eukaryotes: mitochondria perform cellular respiration in eukaryotes, while prokaryotes use the cytoplasm and cell membrane.
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front 14 Structural Difference: Photosynthesis | back 14 Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can perform photosynthesis. |
front 15 Structural Difference: Cytoskeleton | back 15 The eukaryotic cytoskeleton gives the cell structure and transports materials within the cell. **What happens in the prokaryotic?** |
front 16 Structural Similarity: Flagella | back 16 Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes use flagella for motility, though the flagella differ structurally and functionally in the two groups.
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front 17 Structural Similarity: Cell wall | back 17 Many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have a cell wall to help maintain water balance by osmosis. |
front 18 Comparing: Genetic Organization | back 18 Prokaryotic: Circular DNA chromosomes
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front 19 Comparing: Cell Compartmentation | back 19 Prok's and Euk's= cell membrane |
front 20 Comparing: Metabolic organization | back 20 Prok's and Euk's= Cytoplasm |
front 21 Comparing: Protein Synthesis | back 21 Prok's and Euk's= Ribosomes |
front 22 Comparing: Protein/Lipid Transport | back 22 Prok's= Cytoplasm
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front 23 Comparing: Energy Metabolism | back 23 Prok's= Cell membrane
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front 24 Comparing: Cell structure and transport | back 24 Prok's= Thin protein filaments in cytoplasm
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front 25 Comparing: Water Balance | back 25 Prok's and Euk's= cell wall |
front 26 _______ us the science of classification, arranging related organisms into categories. | back 26 Taxonomy |
front 27 Classification uses a hierarchal system. What is it? | back 27 Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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front 28 _____ gives scientific names to organisms. | back 28 Nomenclature |
front 29 In the mid-1700's, who published Systema Naturae, establishing a uniform system for naming organisms? | back 29 Carolus Linnaeus |
front 30 Each scientific name includes two words, the ____ and the ____ ____ that together make up the _____ name. | back 30 genus (capital); specific epithet (lower case); species (italics, or underlined) |
front 31 Trying to make sense of taxonomic relationships | back 31 Kingdoms and domains |
front 32 In 1886, who coined the term "protists" for all microorganisms. | back 32 Ernst H. Haeckel |
front 33 In 1959, who developed the five kingdom system, giving bacteria their own kingdom? Name the five kingdoms. | back 33 Robert H. Whittaker: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Bacteria |
front 34 The three domain system was proposed by ____ ____, based on data from ____ ____ ___. What are the three domains? | back 34 Carl Woese; ribosomal RNA sequences.
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front 35 Most microbial agents are in the micrometer size range. What is the length of most bacterial and archaeal cells? | back 35 1-5 micrometers (um) |
front 36 Light Microscopy-what is it used for, how many lenses does it have, and what are they? | back 36 is used to observe most microorganisms.
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front 37 What is the simple stain technique? | back 37 It involves flooding a prepared specimen with basic dye to provide contrast. |
front 38 Describe the Gram stain technique. (Differential Stain) | back 38 Cells are stained with crystal violet and Gram's iodine solution and washed with a decolorizer.
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front 39 Describe Acid-fast technique. (Differential Stain) | back 39 Mycobacteria can be stained with carbol-fuchsin in acid-fast technique. The cells turn red. Example: TB. |
front 40 What are the 3 criteria used to classify organisms into 5 kingdoms? | back 40 1. The type of cell: (only 2 types Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell)
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front 41 Describe Endospore Stain. | back 41 used to confirm: Clostridium bacillus if it's present then it turns aqua/green color if it's absent then it turns pink (all vegetative cells). |
front 42 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Staphylococcus aureus | back 42 Gram +, coccus, staphylococcus (grape like), yellow |
front 43 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Bacillus subtilis | back 43 Gram +, bacillus, streptobacillus |
front 44 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Clostridium sporogenes | back 44 Gram +, bacillus, single, *forms endospores |
front 45 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Rhodospirillum rubrum | back 45 Gram -, spirillum, single, red |
front 46 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Neisseria sicca | back 46 Gram -, coccus, diplococcus |
front 47 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Streptococcus faecalis | back 47 Gram +, coccus, streptococcus |
front 48 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Corynebacterium xerosis | back 48 Gram +, bacillus, palisade arrangement |
front 49 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Serratia mars | back 49 Gram -, bacillus, single |
front 50 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Enterobacter aerogenes | back 50 Gram -, bacillus, single |
front 51 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Proteus vulgaris | back 51 Gram -, bacillus, single |
front 52 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Mycobacterium smegmatis | back 52 Gram +, bacillus, (irregular rod, acid-fast, single) |
front 53 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Micrococcus luteus | back 53 Gram +, coccus, tetrad & sercanae |
front 54 Describe morphology, arrangement, and gram: Escherichia coli | back 54 Gram -, bacillus, single |
front 55 Phylum-Kingdom Fungi
| back 55 classified by how they sexually reproduce (produce spores)
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front 56 Phylum-Kingdom Protista (Protozoans)
| back 56 classified by how they move (locomotions) to get their food
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front 57 Phylum-Kingdom Animalia (worms=helminths) | back 57 classified by morphology
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front 58 Kingdom Fungi Molds | back 58 Zygomycota-zygospores-Rhizopus nigrocans-not a pathogen, has fibers, black bread cotton white mold.
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front 59 Kingdom Protista Sickness Examples | back 59 1. Mastigophorans- Trypanosoma- African sleeping sickness, American tryponosomiasis
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front 60 ***Chapter 4 Starts Here***
| back 60 Bacteria |
front 61 Define Spirochaetes | back 61 live in the mouth and some are STD's like Treponema pallidum that causes syphylis |
front 62 The domain Archaea contains organisms with diverse physiologies. Name them. | back 62 Euryarchaeota contain:
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front 63 Prokaryotes can be distinguished by their cell _____ and ______. | back 63 Morphology (shape) and arrangement |
front 64 A rod shape is called _____. What arrangements does it come in? | back 64 Bacillus: single, diplobacillus, streptobacillus |
front 65 A spherical shape is called _____. What arrangements does it come in? | back 65 Coccus; single, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus |
front 66 Spiral-shaped bacteria can appear as ______, ____, or _____ | back 66 Vibrios (comma-shaped), spirilla (helical), or spirochete |
front 67 Cell structure organizes cell function. Name some functions. | back 67 -sensing/responding to the surrounding environment.
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front 68 External structure: Pili, Conjugation Pili | back 68 Pili are protein fibers extending from the surface of many bacteria that are used for attachment.
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front 69 Prokaryotic ____ are long appendages extending from the cell surface. | back 69 Flagella; can be used for motility |
front 70 Bacteria exhibit chemotaxis. What does this mean? | back 70 When bacteria move up the concentration gradient of a chemical attractant.
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front 71 Spirochetes contain _____, which move the cell through torsion exerted on the cell by endoflagellar rotation. | back 71 endoflagella
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front 72 All bacteria have an outer mucus layer external to the cell wall called ______. If this layer is thin it is called a ____. If it is thick it is called a _____. | back 72 Glycocalyx- adhering layer of polysaccharides (and sometimes small proteins) - It protects the cells from the environment and allows them to attach to surfaces
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front 73 Most bacterial and archaeal cells have a cell envelope. Give some characteristics of the cell wall. | back 73 -counter rigidity, not flexible, tough and protective external shell
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front 74 Gram + have what kind of cell wall? | back 74 Thick peptidoglycan cell walls containing teichoic acid. (amino acid and glucose derivatives) only polysaccharide back bone, NAG NAM-long rod of sugars, Amino acids are the chains attached to the polysaccharide.
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front 75 Gram - have what kind of cell wall? | back 75 Have 2D peptidoglycan layer and no teichoic acid. Has an outer membrane, separated from the cell membrane by the periplasmic space.
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front 76 The archaeal cell wall also provides mechanical strength. What kind of cell wall does it have? | back 76 No archae have peptidoglycan in the cell wall, but some have pseudopeptidoglycan. Others have polysaccharides, proteins, or both.
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front 77 The __ _____ represents the interfere between the cell environment and the cell cytoplasm. | back 77 Primary function of cell membrane is transport. **
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front 78 What may disrupt or dissolve the bilayer? | back 78 Antimicrobial substances |
front 79 What kind of functions can membrane proteins perform or aid in? | back 79 cell wall synthesis
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front 80 The archaeal cell membrane differs from bacterial and eukaryal membranes. How? | back 80 -Hydrophobic lipid tails are attached to glycerol differently in Archaea.
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front 81 What is a nucleiod? | back 81 It represents a subcompartment containing the chromosomes.
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front 82 Describe a bacterial chromosome. | back 82 The chromosome is usually a closed loop of DNA and protein.
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front 83 What is a compete set of genes called? | back 83 Genome |
front 84 Most cells have only one copy of each gene (one chromosome). What are they called? | back 84 Haploid |
front 85 Plasmids are found in many bacterial and archaeal cells. What are they? | back 85 Small circular molecules of DNA (smaller than the chromosome)
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front 86 What can plasmids be used for? | back 86 They can be transferred between cells and be used as vectors in genetic engineering.
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front 87 What are the two types of plasmids? | back 87 R plasmids-antibiotic resistance
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front 88 What are the only type of bacteria that don't have a cell wall? | back 88 Mycoplasmas |
front 89 What are three spirochete examples? and What do they cause? | back 89 Treponema pallidum- syphilis
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front 90 Other sub compartments exist in the cell cytoplasm such as ribosomes, what are they used for? | back 90 Protein synthesis, same function just different structure than Eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound in proks but are membrane bound in euks |
front 91 What do inclusion bodies do? | back 91 Store nutrients or build blocks for cellular structures. |
front 92 Some aquatic bacteria use __ _____ to float on the water's surface. | back 92 gas vesicles |
front 93 What do magnetosomes contain? | back 93 Contain crystals of magnetite or greigite, allowing cells to respond to magnetic fields. |
front 94 What do cytoskeletal proteins regulate? | back 94 cell division and help determine cell shape.
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front 95 **Chapter 5 Starts Here**
| back 95 It is part of the cell cycle.
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front 96 What happens during the B period? | back 96 Cell increases in mass and size |
front 97 What happens during the C period? | back 97 DNA replicates and the two strands separate |
front 98 What happens during the D period? | back 98 Synthesis of a septum forms two identical cells. |
front 99 Bacterial and archaeal cells reproduce ______. | back 99 Asexually. |
front 100 What is the generation (or doubling) time? | back 100 The interval of time between successive binary fission. |
front 101 In pathogens, a ___ doubling time means a _____ incubation period of disease. | back 101 shorter, shorter |
front 102 Microbial Growth Progress: Lag Phase | back 102 No cell division occurs while bacteria adapt to their new environment |
front 103 Microbial Growth Progress: Logarithmic (log) phase | back 103 When exponential growth of the population occurs, human disease symptoms usually develop. |
front 104 Microbial Growth Progress: Stationary phase | back 104 When reproductive and death rates equalize |
front 105 Microbial Growth Progress: Decline (exponential death) Phase | back 105 When the accumulation of waste products and scarcity of resources causes the population to die. |
front 106 What is dormancy? | back 106 A response to potential or actual environmental change. Non dividing state. |
front 107 What are the two dormancy strategies? | back 107 Persister Cell Formation
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front 108 Persister Cells | back 108 They stop dividing but maintain a low rate of metabolism under stress. |
front 109 What do Endospores respond to? | back 109 Nutrient limitation *** important
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front 110 What happens to endospores when environmental conditions are favorable again? | back 110 The protective layers break down and the spore germinates into a vegetative cell. (veg cells stain pink in endospore staining, but the spores will stain aqua/green) |
front 111 What are some physical factors that optimal prokaryotic growth is dependent on? | back 111 Temperature, Oxygen, pH level, Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressure |
front 112 Temperature: Psychrophiles | back 112 Grow optimally at 0-20*C and make up the largest portion of all prokaryotes on Earth. |
front 113 Temperature: Mesophiles | back 113 Live at medium temp. range 20-40*C; includes pathogens in humans. |
front 114 Temperature: Thermophiles | back 114 Live best around 40-80*C; in compost heaps and hot springs. |
front 115 Temperature: Hyperthermophiles | back 115 Are archaea that grow optimally above 80*C, found in seafloor hot-water vents |
front 116 Oxygen: obligate aerobes | back 116 Many prokaryotes are obligate aerobes, which require oxygen to grow. |
front 117 Oxygen: Microaerophiles | back 117 Live in low oxygen environments. |
front 118 What is thioglycollate broth used for? | back 118 Used to test an organism's oxygen sensitivity.
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front 119 Oxygen: Anaerobes | back 119 Do not or cannot use oxygen; aerotolerant species are insensitive to oxygen, but obligate anaerobes are inhibited or killed by oxygen.
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front 120 Oxygen: Facultative Anaerobes | back 120 Grow either with oxygen or in reduced oxygen environments.
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front 121 What do Capnophilic bacteria (microaerophils) require? | back 121 They require an atmosphere low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. |
front 122 pH: The majority of species grow optimally at neutral (~7pH) and are called ___. | back 122 Neutrophiles |
front 123 pH: Acidophiles | back 123 Acid tolerant prokaryotes
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front 124 Pressure: Basophiles | back 124 Can withstand incredibly high hydrostatic pressure
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front 125 Pressure: Halophiles | back 125 Salt-tolerant prokaryotes
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front 126 Culture media are used to grow microbes and measure their growth. What are the two basic types? | back 126 Complex medium and Synthetic medium |
front 127 What is a complex medium? | back 127 A chemical unidentified medium or complex medium such as a nutrient broth (liquid media) or nutrient agar (solidifying agent for solid media). |
front 128 What is a synthetic medium? | back 128 The chemical composition of the medium is known. |
front 129 What is a selective medium? | back 129 It contains ingredients to inhibit growth of certain species and allow the growth of others. |
front 130 What are two examples of selective medium? | back 130 1. Crystal Violet Agar-plates (absorbed well by Gram +) selective not differential, to select gram- bacteria
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front 131 What is a differential medium? | back 131 Contains specific chemicals to indicate species that possess or lack a biochemical process.
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front 132 What are two examples of differential medium? | back 132 1. EMB agar- all the colors are gram -, on exam * EMB is an example of differential & selective media; used to confirm presence of E. coli.
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front 133 What happens if you have Beta (complete) hemolysis? | back 133 You have Streptococcus pyogens that causes strep throat. |
front 134 When do we use Chocolate Agar? | back 134 Cooked sheeps blood. In our lab we use it to grow Neiserria. "Enriched medium" Enriched with iron.
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front 135 Many microbes are viable but can/cannot be cultured in lab. | back 135 cannot |
front 136 Population measurements are made using ___ ______. | back 136 pure cultures. |
front 137 What is a pure culture? | back 137 A population consisting of only one species of prokaryote. |
front 138 Define pour-plate isolation method. | back 138 Allows separation of species through dilution of a sample. Is this the same as streak plate?** listen to recording @ 27min. * |
front 139 What is the streak-plate isolation method? | back 139 It is used to spread out individual cells to form discrete colonies of species. |
front 140 Population can be measured in several ways. What are they? | back 140 Turbidity, Microscopic count, Estimate-through most probable # test, and
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front 141 What is turbidity? | back 141 Cloudiness of a sample can be measured with a spectrophotometer. |
front 142 How is the microscopic count used? | back 142 Using counting chamber, placed under light microscope. |
front 143 What is the standard plate count procedure? | back 143 Colonies grow on a plate containing a sample of diluted broth. The number of colonies indicates the original number of viable (living) cells in the broth. |