front 1 bacteria | back 1 single celled, no nucleus
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front 2 fungi | back 2 eukarytoic, ,spore producing organism, can be seen with microscope
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front 3 Viruses | back 3 microscopically small and are the simplest microbiological entity. A virus is not an independent living organism and needs a host cell to replicate. They are sub-microscopic parasitic particles of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) that are wrapped in protein. Viruses are immune to antibiotics and are spread in the air or by direct contact. They can lead to serious or sometimes deadly diseases, such as AIDS. |
front 4 Protozoa | back 4 single celled organism with nucleus
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front 5 Algae | back 5 eukarytoic, unicellular photosynthetic organisms of a group which live mostly in water. they reproduce asexually by photosynthesis |
front 6 what are microbes | back 6 a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation
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front 7 what are the 3 domains | back 7 bacteria
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front 8 how are microbes imp to the health of the planet | back 8 other life cannot exist without microbes
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front 9 what is the composition of an atom | back 9 smallest unit of matter
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front 10 how do atoms differ | back 10 the difference in protons numbers identifies each atom
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front 11 what is involved in chemical reaction | back 11 atoms or molecules coming together in a collision
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front 12 what is octet rule | back 12 The octet rule states that elements gain or lose electrons to attain an electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.(8 in outer/valence shell)
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front 13 how do chemical reactions occur | back 13 collision between molecules and energy |
front 14 how do you speed up chemical reaction | back 14 increase temperature,
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front 15 difference between organic and inorganic | back 15 organic: molecule with carbon, also has carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid
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front 16 different kinds of bonds, .. order of strenghts | back 16 1. covalent bond (strogest)
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front 17 what bonds occur between (hydrogen and oxygen in H2O) (NA+,and CL- in NaCL,) H2 gas? | back 17 Hydrogen and oxygen in water ( polar covalent bond)
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front 18 function of protein | back 18 part of cellular structure, enzyme, direct chemical reactions |
front 19 what determines function of protein | back 19 3D shape from folding due to amino acid sequence. |
front 20 function of lipid | back 20 storing energy (ex gylcerides)
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front 21 what are lipids | back 21 (fats) non polar hydrophobic and insoluble in polar solvents such as water |
front 22 types of lipids | back 22 glycerides, saturated, unsaturated, triglycerides |
front 23 function of carbohydrates | back 23 provide energy for body (especially brain and nervous system)
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front 24 what breaks down carbohydrates to glucose? | back 24 enzyme called amylase |
front 25 function of nucleic acid | back 25 make genetic information in living things,
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front 26 subunits of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid | back 26 amino acid, fatty acid, monosaccharides, nucleotides |
front 27 how is DNA structuraly different from RNA | back 27 DNA is double stranded, has sugar deoxyribose, has the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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front 28 why is water so crucial for life? | back 28 is the best solvent, its a polar molecule,temperature stabilizing effects, heat capacity, surface tension, ice floats |
front 29 what are the key differences in composition between the different bacterial cell wall types | back 29 Cell wall of Algae - cellulose
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front 30 main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | back 30 prokaryotes do not have nucleus, mitochondria or any cell bound membrane
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front 31 How can archaea be distinguished from eubacteria? | back 31 archaea are found in extreme enviornemnts like volacono, lava places, have lipid membrane, no fatty acid layer, cell wall-pseudopeptidoglycan (nonpeptidoglycan) |
front 32 what are the main organelles in eukaryotes and their function | back 32 cell wall-ridig external coat
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front 33 what are the main organelles of prokaryotes and their function | back 33 ribosome- protein synthesis
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front 34 difference between spores and endospores | back 34 endospores are from bacterial group. they dormant(inactive), tough and non reproductive structure,live in soil and water where they can survive for longer period,they ensure the survival of bacteria during environmental stress, present in gram-positive bacteria, heat resistant
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front 35 external structures of bacterial cell wall | back 35 glyococalyx-slime or capsule ( for attachment or slip away from phagocytes)
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front 36 what is diffusion | back 36 movement of solutes or molecules from higher concentration to low concentration
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front 37 osmosis | back 37 diffusion of water molecules from low to high concentration |
front 38 how are molecules transported across the cell membrane | back 38 by active transport(atp needed) or facilitated diffusion(no atp) |
front 39 facilated diffusion | back 39 no energy or ATP needed, use channel protein carrier, selective passage |
front 40 active transport | back 40 ATP needed, against concentration gradient |
front 41 what are enzymes | back 41 proteins, (few with RNA and proteins) ( some has only RNA) |
front 42 what are pathways | back 42 multistep reactions |
front 43 basic properties of enzymes | back 43 speed up reactions
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front 44 how do enzymes affect chemical reactions | back 44 enzymes are catalysts. Catalysts help reactions occur more quickly (increase rate of reactions), or at unfavorable conditions (wrong pH, wrong temperature)
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front 45 factors that influence enzyme activity | back 45 1. shape: temp, ph, ionic condition, absense of inhibitor, water, chemical modification
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front 46 what can you adjust in enzyme activity | back 46 only inhibitors and chemical modification.. everything else stays the same |
front 47 what determines the specificity of enzymes | back 47 structure (lock and key mechanism)
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front 48 competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors | back 48 competitive: bind to same site as substrate (compete for binding), no reaction because it is stuck to site
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front 49 what happens during denaturation | back 49 the 3-D structure of protein get disturb or get opened (uncoil) by breaking of hydrogen bonds. happens during heat
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front 50 what are the conditions that can cause denaturation of proteins | back 50 heat
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front 51 what is the universsal energy molecule of the cell | back 51 ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) |
front 52 what is the role of oxygen in fermentation, aeorbic respiration, anerobic respiration? | back 52 see notebook |
front 53 what is the final chemical product after the breakdown of glucose during respiration, fermentation | back 53 Fermentation - 2 ATP from one glucose
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front 54 which part of respiration, fermentation, produces carbon dioxide? | back 54 Carbon dioxide is released during two phases of cellular respiration. The first phase that carbon dioxide leaves is during pyruvate decarboxylation. The second time CO2 is released is during the Kreb's cycle. 1 CO2 leaves during the decarboxylation and two leave during the Kreb's cycle. Since there are two pyruvate per glucose molecule, everything happens twice. This makes a total of 6 CO2 released per glucose molecule. |
front 55 what is required to carry out glycolysis, making of fermentation products, krebs cycle, etc | back 55 glucose |
front 56 Glycolysis | back 56 1-Glycolysis is part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
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front 57 Kreb's cycle | back 57 1-The Krebs cycle results in 2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule run through glycolysis.
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front 58 electron transport chain | back 58 1-Four ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined. The electron transport chain produces 34 ATP.
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front 59 lactic acid ferementation | back 59 Lactic acid fermentation is common in fungi and bacteria. Lactic acid fermentation also takes place in human muscle cells when strenuous exercise causes temporary oxygen shortages.
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front 60 alcohol fermentation | back 60 Alcoholic fermentation is the source of ethyl alcohol present in wines and liquors. It also accounts for the bubbles in bread. When yeast in bread dough runs out of oxygen, it goes through alcoholic fermentation, producing carbon dioxide. These carbon dioxide bubbles create spaces in the dough and cause it to rise.
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front 61 In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into: | back 61 carbon dioxide (co2) |
front 62 Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the: | back 62 Mitochondria |
front 63 Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in the process of: | back 63 chemiosmosis |
front 64 In aerobic respiration, the energy in 1 mole of glucose is capable of producing how many ATP molecules: | back 64 38 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of ATP |
front 65 products of glycolysis include | back 65 pyruvate, NADH, ATP |
front 66 In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is: | back 66 Pyruvate |
front 67 In glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by: | back 67 ATP |
front 68 Products of the Krebs cycle include: | back 68 carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 |
front 69 The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is: | back 69 oxygen |
front 70 In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the process of: | back 70 fermentation |
front 71 The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and fermentation is the production of: | back 71 2 ATP |
front 72 Which stage of aerobic respiration requires ATP? | back 72 glycolysis |
front 73 Which stage of aerobic respiration requires CO2? | back 73 none |
front 74 Which stage of aerobic respiration produces ATP and NADH and releases CO2? | back 74 Krebs cycle |
front 75 The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represents: | back 75 potential energy |
front 76 As protons flow through the ______ , energy is released and exploited to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP. | back 76 ATP synthase |
front 77 photosynthesis | back 77 plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy that is stored in sugars and other organic compounds. |
front 78 chlorophyll | back 78 green color pigment in plants |
front 79 How is ATP generated in ETC | back 79 ATP is generated as H+ moves down its concentration gradient through a special enzyme called ATP synthase |
front 80 Where do ETC occur | back 80 in mitochondria |
front 81 where does kreb cycle occur | back 81 in mitochondria |
front 82 where does glycolysis occur | back 82 in cytoplasm |
front 83 where does aerobic respiration occur | back 83 in glycolysis, kreb cycle, and ETC |
front 84 GLycolysis produces: | back 84 4 ATP's and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
front 85 products released during transisition stage (before krebs cycle) | back 85 2 NADH's are generated (1 per pyruvate)
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front 86 what is generated during krebs cycle | back 86 6 NADH's are generated (3 per Acetyl CoA that enters)
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front 87 what is produced together the transistion stage and krebs cycle | back 87 8 NADH
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front 88 what is the goal of ETC | back 88 to break down NADH and FADH2, pumping H+ into the outer compartment of the mitochondria.
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front 89 building blocks of organisms | back 89 cells |
front 90 During which metabolic stage is glucose broken down to pyruvate?
| back 90 glycolysis |
front 91 What molecule is essential for aerobic respiration to take place?
| back 91 oxygen |
front 92 Which of the following is not one of the three major macromolecule components of food?
| back 92 oxygen |
front 93 Which of the following molecules contains three phosphate groups?
| back 93 ATP |
front 94 Which of the following is not a coenzyme?
| back 94 ATP |
front 95 Organisms that acquire energy through photosynthesis are called which of the following?
| back 95 PHototrophs |
front 96 In which protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane is FADH2 oxidized?
| back 96 II |
front 97 Organisms that acquire energy through ingestion of food are called which of the following?
| back 97 Chemotrophs |
front 98 Chemotrophs require _________ and produce _________ while phototrophs require _________ and produce _________.
| back 98 o2 co2 co2 o2 |
front 99 In which protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane is ATP synthesized?
| back 99 V |
front 100 Metabolic reactions that synthesize molecules are classified as _________ while metabolic reactions that degrade molecules are classified as _________.
| back 100 anaebolic |
front 101 What type of metabolic reaction involves a loss of electrons from the molecule involved?
| back 101 oxidation |
front 102 What molecule is produced when oxygen is reduced by the electrons in the electron transport chain?
| back 102 water |
front 103 What type of metabolic reaction involves a gain of electrons by the molecule involved?
| back 103 reduction |
front 104 How many molecules of carbon dioxide are generated during the Kreb cycle?
| back 104 2 |
front 105 What type of metabolic reaction does not change the atomic make-up of the molecule involved?
| back 105 isomerization |
front 106 What type of metabolic reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group?
| back 106 phosopholyration |
front 107 Which of the following is not a component of the chemotrophic respiratory pathway?
| back 107 photosynthesis |
front 108 What is the name of the molecule generated in the final step of the Kreb cycle and is also used in the first step?
| back 108 oxalocetate |
front 109 Respiration that occurs without oxygen is classified as which of the following
| back 109 anerorbic |
front 110 What is the main cellular structure involved in respiration?
| back 110 mitochondria |
front 111 Which of the following does not accurately describe the glycolytic pathway?
| back 111 anabolic |
front 112 How many carbon atoms are found in one molecule of glucose?
| back 112 6 |
front 113 What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?
| back 113 pyruvate |
front 114 In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
| back 114 cytosol |
front 115 An enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that adds a phosphate group to a molecule is called which of the following?
| back 115 kinase |
front 116 Which of the following molecules is not either oxidized or reduced during electron flow through the electron transport chain?
| back 116 Coenzyme A |
front 117 How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis (the net gain of ATP molecules)?
| back 117 2 |
front 118 Which of the following atoms is involved in glycolytic reactions to shield negative charges?
| back 118 magnesium |
front 119 Which of the following metabolic processes generates the most ATP?
| back 119 oxydative phospholoration |
front 120 Where in an aerobic cell is NADH oxidized?
| back 120 mitochondria |
front 121 Which of the following events do not take place in the mitochondria?
| back 121 glycolysis |
front 122 Which of the following is not a possible anaerobic glycolytic product?
| back 122 oxygen |
front 123 Ethanol is a product of which of the following processes?
| back 123 alcoholic fermetatio |
front 124 Which of the following is not a structural component of the mitochondria?
| back 124 cytosol |
front 125 What is the starting material of the citric acid cycle?
| back 125 Acetly coA |
front 126 Which stage in respiration produces the most coenzymes?
| back 126 kreb cycle |
front 127 The outer mitochondrial membrane is highly _________ while the inner membrane is _________.
| back 127 permiable, impermialbe |
front 128 Which of the following is not generated during the citric acid cycle?
| back 128 pyruvate |
front 129 Which of the following molecules does not freely cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
| back 129 pyruvate |
front 130 How many molecules of NADH are generated during the citric acid cycle?
| back 130 3 |
front 131 How many molecules of FADH2 are generated during the citric acid cycle?
| back 131 1 |
front 132 In which protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane is oxygen reduced?
| back 132 IV |
front 133 The coenzyme NAD/NADH is involved in which of the following types of reactions?
| back 133 oxidation/reduction |
front 134 Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
| back 134 fermentation |
front 135 What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
| back 135 glucose and oxygen |
front 136 The starting molecule for glycolysis is
| back 136 glucose |
front 137 One cause of muscle soreness is
| back 137 lactic acud |
front 138 Which process is used to produce beer and wine?
| back 138 alcoholic fermentation |
front 139 The conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid requires
| back 139 NADH |
front 140 Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?
| back 140 anerobic bacterium |
front 141 During one turn, the Krebs cycle produces
| back 141 electron carriers |
front 142 Which of the following passes high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain?
| back 142 NADH and FADH2 |
front 143 Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce
| back 143 36 ATP |
front 144 Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of
| back 144 repaying an oxygen debt |
front 145 All of the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT
| back 145 alcoholic fermentation |
front 146 Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?
| back 146 photosynthesis |
front 147 Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to
| back 147 mitochondria |
front 148 Plants cannot release energy from glucose using
| back 148 photosynthesis |
front 149 Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?
| back 149 energy |
front 150 Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
| back 150 food molecules |
front 151 Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?
| back 151 water |
front 152 Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?
| back 152 glycolsis |
front 153 Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
| back 153 2ATP molecule |
front 154 Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
| back 154 muscle cells |
front 155 The two main types of fermentation are called
| back 155 alcholic and lactic |
front 156 In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by
| back 156 krebs cycle |
front 157 Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
| back 157 oxygen |
front 158 The starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is
| back 158 pyruvic acid |
front 159 In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the
| back 159 mitochondria |
front 160 The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make
| back 160 atp |
front 161 When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
| back 161 cellular respiration |
front 162 Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
| back 162 all eukaryotic cells |
front 163 The products of photosynthesis are the
| back 163 reactants of cellular respiration |
front 164 During aerobic cellular respiration, in which of the following location do ATP molecules form?
| back 164 mitochondrial matrix only |
front 165 The aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration require which product of glycolysis?
| back 165 pyruvate and NADH |
front 166 Which process generates most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration?
| back 166 electron transport chain |
front 167 While investigating yeast respiration, a researcher detects ethanol in the yeast culture. Which molecule does the yeast culture also contain?
| back 167 carbon dioxide and ATP |
front 168 Oxidation | back 168 the removal of electrons, or addition of oxygen |
front 169 Reduction | back 169 the addition of electrons |