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Chapter 11: Fundamentals of Nervous System and Tissue

front 1 Nervous system: definition	back 1 master controlling and communicating system of the body -- cells communicate with each other and other systems by electrical (similar to action potential) and chemical (like AChl) signals --rapid and specific Made of CNS and PNS **Endocrine system is the other
front 2 Nervous system: functions	back 2 1. Sensory input - receives stimuli; mostly brain but sometimes in the spinal column (Afferent pathway) 2. Integration - interprets stimuli and makes decisions (Control Center) 3. Motor output - responds to stimuli; activates effector organ (Effector pathway)
front 3 Central nervous system (CNS)	back 3 - brain and spinal cord - integration and command center
front 4 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	back 4 - nerves outside brain and spinal cord <--any structure outside brain and spinal cord but it is still related to the nervous system - sensory receptors, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves - Carries messages to and from CNS

front 5 Sensory (afferent) Division of the PNS	back 5 - carries nerve impulses from sensory organs to CNS - from skin, skeletal muscles (lactic acid accumulation makes muscles hurt), and visceral organs (stomach, bladder, etc...)
front 6 Motor (efferent) Division of PNS	back 6 - carries nerve impulses from CNS to effector organs - 2 parts: Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary)
front 7 Somatic nervous system	back 7 - VOLUNTARY nervous system - controls skeletal muscles
front 8 Autonomic nervous system	back 8 - INVOLUNTARY nervous system - regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - have opposite effects on organs

front 9 proprioceptors	back 9 where your body is in relation to itself - the tiny little adjustments that prevent you from falling on your facy
front 10 What cell types make up nervous tissue?	back 10 Neurons and neuroglia
front 11 Neurons: definition	back 11 - transmit nerve impulses - large, complex cells - comprised of cell body and processes - long lived and amiotic (don't divide) - High metabolic rate - can't survive long without O2
front 12 Neuron Cell body	back 12 - has a nucleus and usual organelles - active in synthesis or neurotransmitters - well developed rough ER, ribosome, and Golgi apparatus - Focus point for outgrowth of processes * Most cell bodies are located in the CNS * Most cell processes (AXONS) are located in the PNS

front 13 Neuron Processes	back 13 DENDRITES - numerous, short, and branched processes - receptive regions of the neuron - Convey incoming messages toward cell body via GRADED POTENTIALS AXONS - singular long processes - secrete neurotransmitters from axon terminals - generate and transmit ACTION POTENTIALS (exactly the same as in muscle) along axon and away from cell body
front 14 Multipolar neuron	back 14 - structural classification - one axon and many dendrites - 99% of neurons - most of them are in CNS
front 15 Bipolar neuron	back 15 - structural classification - one axon and one dendrite - cell body is found in the middle - rare, found in eyes and ears
front 16 Unipolar neuron	back 16 - structural classification - One axon only - cell body is disassociated from the neuron (one, short process extends and attaches the cell body to a long process) - rare, function as sensory receptors

front 17 Sensory neurons	back 17 - AFFERENT - functional classification - transmit ACTION POTENTIAL from skin, muscle, or internal organs toward CNS - mostly unipolar and bipolar nuerons
front 18 Motor neurons	back 18 - EFFERENT - functional classification - carry ACTION POTENTIAL from CNS to muscles and glands <-- tells muscle to contract - mostly multipolar neurons
front 19 Interneurons	back 19 - within CNS; between sensory and motor neurons - mostly multipolar neurons - most common function of neurons ** Do NOT convery message in/out of CNS, because they are already IN the CNS.
front 20 What is the difference between nuclei and ganglia	back 20 cell body clusters in CNS versus PNS

front 21 What is the difference between fiber tracts and nerves	back 21 cell body clusters in CNS versus PNS
front 22 6 types of glial cells	back 22 1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Ependymal cells 4. Oligodendrocytes 5. Satellite Cells 6. Schwann Cells
front 23 Astrocytes	back 23 "STAR CELL" - most abundant and versatile glial cells - support, and anchor neurons to capillaries - guide migration of young neurons - control chemical environment by cleaning up released neurotransmitters <-- control them (if they're in the wrong place) by enzymes lots of processes make this cell look like a star some are attached to neurons and others are attached to capillaries **brings blood vessels and neurons closer together - vascularizes neurons
front 24 Microglia	back 24 **specialized macrophage, only for the brain - small cells with long spiny processes - turn into macrophage when microorganisms are present - immune function <-- become more rounded with fewer processes - responsible for monitoring and maintaining health of neurons

front 25 Ependymal cells	back 25 **look like epithelial cells - squamous or columnar shape, some have cilia - line cranial and spinal cavities to form a permeable barrier for cerebrospinal fluid - beating of cilia helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid
front 26 Oligodendrocytes	back 26 **a cell with just a few processes - wrap around thick CNS nerve fibers - Produce insulating covering myelin sheaths around large axons in CNS
front 27 Satellite cells	back 27 a type of glial cell that surrounds cell bodies of the neuron in the PNS - function unknown
front 28 Schwann Cells	back 28 a type of glial cell that forms myelin sheaths around larger axons - function similar to oligodendrocytes

front 29 cerebrospinal fluid	back 29 the fluid within the cranial cavity that provides nutrients and cushioning for the brain.
front 30 How can you tell the difference between axon and dendrite?	back 30 axons usually have a myelin sheath *dendrites and cell bodies are ALWAYS unmyelinated
front 31 Myelin sheaths: Definition and function	back 31 **produced in multiples (up to 60 segments) by oligodendrocytes in the CNS Definition: - whitish, fatty segments made of phospholipids that surround only the larger axons Function: - protects the axon - insulates axons from one another <-- like live wires - increase nerve impulse conduction speed <-- you can feel touch quickly
front 32 Form Myelin sheaths take in CNS	back 32 - formed by oligodendrocytes - occur in multiple segments - wrap concentric layers of plasma membrance and cytoplasm around axon (like roll cake)

front 33 Nodes of Ranvier	back 33 gaps between segments of myelin sheaths - where axon branches emerge - where action potentials land
front 34 Form Myelin sheaths take in PNS	back 34 - Formed by Schwann cells - Each Schwann cell makes up one segment - Attach themselves to the axon and then roll out (like dough) to wrap around it. **Segments are fatter on longer atoms
front 35 Neurophysiology	back 35 *Neurons behave a bit like skeletal muscle - receive stimuli and respond (muscle responds by contracting) - Neurons are highly excitable - Ability to receive stimuli and respond - When neurons are adequately stimulated (GRADED POTENTIAL on dendrites and cell bodies), nerve impulses (ACTION POTENTIALS on axon) are generated - regardless of stimulus, neuron type and location *adequately because not all stimuli are created equal; some are too weak to stimulate the neurons
front 36 Membrane Potentials	back 36 **similar to ACTION POTENTIAL but much simpler - resting neuron membrane is polarized at -70mV - Changes due to electrolyte distribution - Depolarization - inside becomes less negative - Repolarization - inside returns to resting potential/neutral - Hyperpolarization - inside becomes more negative

front 37 Graded Potential	back 37 short lived, local changes in membrane potential - initial intensity varies - intensity decreases with distance (from the beginning of dendrite to the cell body) - occur only in dendrites and cell bodies (because axons deal with action potentials) - not all stimuli are created equal; many are weak and die down before reaching axon and stimulating the neurons - if the stimuli is strong enough it can initiate action potentials in axons.
front 38 Action Potential	back 38 - the principal means of neural communication - occurs when GRADED POTENTIAL is strong enough - occurs only in axons - aka nervous impulses - do not decrease in strength over distance - no change in intensity *pretty much the same as in skeletal
front 39 Which is more important, action potential or graded potential?	back 39 They are equally important because you need graded to get action and you need action to talk to other cells.
front 40 How is Action Potential Conducted?	back 40 In unmyelinated axons - continous but slow. Electrical current moves forward and depolarizes next region. In myelinated axons current is only conducted at nodes of Ranvier - fewer places for ions to enter through therefore they have to make bigger jumps. **myelinated is 30 times faster than unmyelinated.