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Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

front 1 Dissociate in water A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes	back 1 E) Electrolytes
front 2 Do not dissociate A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes	back 2 C) Nonelectrolytes
front 3 The fluid compartments outside the cell A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes	back 3 D) Extracellular
front 4 Fluid compartments located within the cell. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes	back 4 A) Intracellular

front 5 Spaces between cell. A) Intracellular B) Interstitial C) Nonelectrolytes D) Extracellular E) Electrolytes	back 5 B) Interstitial
front 6 Magnesium excess. A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypermagnesemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia E) Hyponatremia	back 6 B) Hypermagnesemia
front 7 Calcium depletion. A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypermagnesemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia E) Hyponatremia	back 7 D) Hypocalcemia
front 8 Sodium excess. A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypermagnesemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia E) Hyponatremia	back 8 C) Hypernatremia

front 9 Potassium excess. A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypermagnesemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia E) Hyponatremia	back 9 A) Hyperkalemia
front 10 Sodium depletion. A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypermagnesemia C) Hypernatremia D) Hypocalcemia E) Hyponatremia	back 10 E) Hyponatremia
front 11 An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's disease	back 11 B) Edema
front 12 A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's disease	back 12 A) Hypoproteinemia

front 13 A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's disease	back 13 E) Addison's disease
front 14 Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's disease	back 14 C) Aldosterone
front 15 A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances. A) Hypoproteinemia B) Edema C) Aldosterone D) Hyponatremia E) Addison's disease	back 15 D) Hyponatremia
front 16 Sodium ions are highest in ________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid	back 16 B) blood plasma

front 17 Potassium ions are highest in ________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid	back 17 C) intracellular fluid
front 18 Phosphate ions are highest in ________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid	back 18 C) intracellular fluid
front 19 Bicarbonate ions are highest in ________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid	back 19 A) interstitial fluid
front 20 Proteins are highest in ________. A) interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) intracellular fluid	back 20 C) intracellular fluid

front 21 True/False Questions Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body	back 21 False
front 22 True/False Questions The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.	back 22 False
front 23 True/False Questions Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body	back 23 True
front 24 True/False Questions Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.	back 24 False

front 25 True/False Questions The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus	back 25 True
front 26 True/False Questions Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus	back 26 True
front 27 True/False Questions It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.	back 27 False
front 28 True/False Questions Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration	back 28 True

front 29 True/False Questions Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine	back 29 True
front 30 True/False Questions Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.	back 30 False
front 31 True/False Questions Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.	back 31 True
front 32 True/False Questions Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.	back 32 True

front 33 True/False Questions When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube	back 33 True
front 34 True/False Questions Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.	back 34 True
front 35 True/False Questions Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure	back 35 True
front 36 True/False Questions Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium	back 36 False

front 37 True/False Questions To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output	back 37 True
front 38 True/False Questions The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them	back 38 True
front 39 True/False Questions Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.	back 39 False
front 40 True/False Questions Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.	back 40 True

front 41 True/False Questions Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.	back 41 True
front 42 True/False Questions Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany	back 42 False
front 43 True/False Questions The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.	back 43 False
front 44 True/False Questions Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.	back 44 False

front 45 True/False Questions The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.	back 45 True
front 46 True/False Questions Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism	back 46 True
front 47 True/False Questions Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.	back 47 True
front 48 True/False Questions The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma	back 48 True

front 49 True/False Questions The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system	back 49 True
front 50 True/False Questions One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.	back 50 True
front 51 True/False Questions As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.	back 51 True
front 52 True/False Questions Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the kidneys also play a small role	back 52 False

front 53 True/False Questions Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances.	back 53 False
front 54 True/False Questions Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.	back 54 True
front 55 True/False Questions Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.	back 55 True
front 56 True/False Questions Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.	back 56 False

front 57 True/False Questions Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.	back 57 True
front 58 The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) calcium ions B) potassium ions C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions	back 58 D) sodium ions
front 59 The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) the feeling one might have after a long swim B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment	back 59 C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
front 60 Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. A) tissue edema B) extreme weight loss C) extreme weight gain D) nerve damage	back 60 A) tissue edema

front 61 Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) erythropoietin C) aldosterone D) renin	back 61 C) aldosterone
front 62 Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A) enhance atrial contractions B) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention	back 62 D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
front 63 Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) a runner has completed a very long marathon D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions	back 63 B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
front 64 Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the lungs and the kidneys B) the adrenal glands and the testes C) the thyroid gland and the heart D) the stomach and the liver	back 64 A) the lungs and the kidneys

front 65 Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) neuromuscular activity B) membrane permeability C) secretory activity D) anabolism of proteins	back 65 D) anabolism of proteins
front 66 Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) water levels D) glucocorticoids	back 66 B) aldosterone
front 67 The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) plasma B) intracellular fluid C) interstitial fluid D) cerebrospinal fluid	back 67 A) plasma
front 68 Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. A) iron B) sodium C) magnesium D) bicarbonate	back 68 B) sodium

front 69 Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) iron B) chloride C) potassium D) magnesium	back 69 C) potassium
front 70 Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids	back 70 A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
front 71 Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A) inefficient kidneys B) comparatively low metabolic rates C) low rate of insensible water loss D) low daily rate of fluid exchange	back 71 A) inefficient kidneys
front 72 The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells B) the pH of the ICF C) intracellular sodium levels D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma	back 72 D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

front 73 The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) phosphate B) hemoglobin C) bicarbonate D) protein	back 73 C) bicarbonate
front 74 A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis	back 74 A) respiratory acidosis
front 75 The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) requires active transport B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires ATP for the transport to take place D) involves filtration	back 75 B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
front 76 What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) thyroxine	back 76 C) atrial natriuretic peptide

front 77 Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) diet C) respiratory changes D) renal mechanism	back 77 B) diet
front 78 Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein	back 78 C) nucleic acid
front 79 Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. A) lymph and interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) cerebrospinal fluid D) glucose	back 79 D) glucose
front 80 Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.	back 80 C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

front 81 Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone B) thymosin C) antidiuretic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide	back 81 C) antidiuretic hormone
front 82 The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) the control of respiratory ventilation B) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach C) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells D) control of the acids produced in the stomach	back 82 A) the control of respiratory ventilation
front 83 Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? A) excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion B) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high C) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure D) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins	back 83 A) excessive hydration due to excess ADH secretion
front 84 The regulation of sodium ________. A) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B) is linked to blood pressure C) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration	back 84 B) is linked to blood pressure

front 85 Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance. A) The kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid. B) Excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate. C) Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion. D) The kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all bicarbonate ions.	back 85 C) Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion.
front 86 Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis	back 86 B) metabolic acidosis
front 87 A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis	back 87 C) metabolic alkalosis
front 88 One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) a dry mouth from high temperatures B) becoming overly agitated C) drinking caffeinated beverages D) a rise in plasma osmolality	back 88 D) a rise in plasma osmolality

front 89 Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) It will increase the osmolality of the blood. B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. C) She will experience hypotension. D) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.	back 89 B) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
front 90 The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid D) intracellular hydrostatic pressure	back 90 B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
front 91 Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? A) membrane polarity B) neuromuscular excitability C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF D) amount of body fat	back 91 D) amount of body fat
front 92 The regulation of potassium balance ________. A) is not linked to sodium balance B) includes renal secretion, but never absorption C) is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium	back 92 D) involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

front 93 ________ occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated faster than it is produced	back 93 Respiratory alkalosis
front 94 The female hormone ________ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney.	back 94 Progesterone
front 95 The preferred intracellular negative ion is ________.	back 95 Hydrogen Phosphate
front 96 The most important ECF buffer of HCl is ________.	back 96 Sodium Bicarbonate

front 97 The most important hormone that regulates calcium ions in the body is ________.	back 97 PTH (parathyroid hormone)
front 98 Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________.	back 98 Amphoteric
front 99 The breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases ________ acid.	back 99 Phosphoric
front 100 Arterial blood pH below 7.35 is called ________.	back 100 Acidemia or Acidosis

front 101

________ reduces blood pressure and volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and the retention of sodium ions and water.

back 101

Atrial natriuretic peptide