The release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the
A) cardioesophageal sphincter
B) hepatopancreatic ampulla
C) ileocecal valve
D) pyloric sphincter (valve)
E) internal anal sphincter

D) pyloric sphincter (valve)

Which one of the following is NOT absorbed by the human large intestine
A) vitamin K
B) water
C) ions
D) some of the B vitamins
E) protein

E) protein

Which one of the following is NOT true of cholesterol
A) only about 15 percent comes from the diet
B) it provides energy fuel for muscle contraction
C) it serves as the structural basis of vitamin D
D) it is a major building block of plasma membranes
E) it serves as the structural basis of steroid hormones

B) it provides energy fuel for muscle contraction

The journey of chyme through the small intestine takes
A) 10- 12 hours
B) 8- 10 hours
C) 6- 8 hours
D) 2- 4 hours
E) 3- 6 hours

E) 3- 6 hours

Transport of digested end products from the lumen GI tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic
fluid is called:
A) ingestion
B) defecation
C) propulsion
D) digestion
E) absorption

E) absorption

The primary function of the small intestine is:
A) absorption of nutrients
B) mineral secretion
C) vitamin conversion
D) waste secretion
E) absorption of water

A) absorption of nutrients

The submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses that help regulate the mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs are both part of the:
A) fight- or- flight mechanism
B) somatic nervous system
C) central nervous system
D) autonomic nervous system
E) sympathetic nervous system

D) autonomic nervous system

Which one of the following is NOT true of the sensors involved in digestive reflexes:
A) they respond to stretch of the organ by the volume of food within its lumen
B) they respond to the relative pH content within that particular digestive organ
C) they start reflexes that either activate or inhibit digestive glands
D) they activate or inhibit lacteal absorption
E) they respond to the presence of breakdown products of digestion

D) they activate or inhibit lacteal absorption

The energy value of foods commonly counted by dieters is measured in units called:
A) ATP
B) kilocalories
C) coenzymes
D) calories
E) carb units

B) kilocalories

Buildup of bile within the liver leading to bile pigments circulating through the body could cause tissues to turn yellow and a condition called:
A) hepatitis
B) jaundice
C) cyanosis
D) cirrhosis
E) erythematosis

B) jaundice

Digestion is primarily controlled by the:
A) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
B) enterogastric reflex
C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
E) medulla oblongata

A) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The process of swallowing is also known as:
A) mastication
B) defecation
C) absorption
D) segmentation
E) deglutition

E) deglutition

The opening of the large intestine is called the
A) cecum
B) sigmoid colon
C) anus
D) ileum
E) rectum

C) anus

The hereditary inability of tissue cells to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, which can result in brain damage and retardation unless a special diet low in phenylalanine is followed, is called:
A) tracheoesophageal fistula
B) cystic fibrosis
C) cleft lip
D) phenylketonuria
E) cleft palate

D) phenylketonuria

Enzyme- rich pancreatic juice contains all the following EXCEPT:
A) lipase
B) nuclease
C) amylase
D) pancreatase
E) trypsin

D) pancreatase

Which one of the following is the middle section of the small intestine:
A) ileum
B) descending colon
C) duodenum
D) ascending colon
E) jejunum

E) jejunum

Nutrients detour through the liver via the:
A) electron transport chain
B) hepatic portal circulation
C) Bowmanʹ s capsule
D) circle of Willis
E) glycogenesis

B) hepatic portal circulation

The anterior chisel- shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called:
A) canines
B) incisors
C) premolars
D) wisdom teeth
E) molars

B) incisors

The process by which food within the small intestine is mixed with digestive juices by backward and forward movement across the internal wall of the organ is called:
A) chemical digestion
B) segmentation
C) absorption
D) defecation
E) peristalsis

B) segmentation

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:
A) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
B) pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
C) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
D) mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
E) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

E) mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which one of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine
A) appendix
B) colon
C) cecum
D) duodenum
E) rectum

D) duodenum

The enzyme responsible for converting milk protein in the stomach to a substance that looks like sour milk in infants is:
A) salivary amylase
B) rennin
C) bile
D) pancreatic amylase
E) pepsin

B) rennin

Which one of the following is NOT involved in the swallowing reflex:
A) pharynx
B) tongue
C) soft palate
D) larynx
E) esophagus

D) larynx

The accesory digestive organ that produces enzymes that break down all food groups is the:
A) gallbladder
B) liver and gallbladder
C) pancreas
D) liver
E) salivary glands

C) pancreas

Which one of the following is NOT one of the carbohydrates that the human digestive system is able to break down to simple sugars:
A) maltose
B) cellulose
C) lactose
D) sucrose
E) starch

B) cellulose

The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the:
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) stomach
D) lever
E) pancreas

B) large intestine

The number of permanent teeth within a full set of adult teeth is:
A) 36
B) 20
C) 28
D) 32
E) 24

D) 32

Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the:
A) ileum
B) ileocecal valve
C) large intestine
D) duodenum
E) jejunum

D) duodenum

Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver:
A) to add ammonia to the blood
B) to process nutrients during digestion
C) to detoxify drugs and alcohol
D) to make cholesterol
E) to degrade hormones

A) to add ammonia to the blood

The amount of gastric juice produced every day by an average- sized adult is:
A) 1- 2 liters
B) 2- 3 liters
C) 3- 4 liters
D) 2- 3 gallons
E) 1- 2 gallons

B) 2- 3 liters

The small intestine extends from the:
A) pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
B) ileocecal valve to the appendix
C) cardioesophageal sphincter to ileocecal valve
D) appendix to the sigmoid colon
E) cardioesophageal sphincter to the pyloric sphincter

A) pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called:
A) polypeptides
B) fatty acids
C) peptides
D) amino acids
E) glycerol

D) amino acids

37) The structure that forms the anterior roof of the mouth is the:
A) teeth
B) uvula
C) hard palate
D) cheek
E) soft palate

C) hard palate

Which one of the following is NOT a layer of the alimentary canal:
A) mucosa
B) muscularis interna
C) submucosa
D) serosa
E) muscularis externa

B) muscularis interna

When full, the average adult stomach can hold approximately:
A) 2 gallons of food
B) 2 liters of food
C) 4 liters of food
D) 3 liters of food
E) 1 liter of food

C) 4 liters of food

Which one of the following is NOT a modification (which is designed to increase surface area for absorption) within the small intestine:
A) circular folds
B) plicae circulares
C) microvilli
D) villi
E) Peyerʹ s patches

E) Peyerʹ s patches

The fold of mucous membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements is called the:
A) mandibular frenulum
B) lingual frenulum
C) styloid bone
D) palatal frenulum
E) hyoid bone

B) lingual frenulum

Bile is produced by the __________ but stored in the __________.
A) gallbladder; pancreas
B) small intestine; pancreas
C) liver; pancreas
D) gallbladder; liver
E) liver; gallbladder

E) liver; gallbladder

Which one of the following is NOT an organ of the alimentary canal:
A) pharynx
B) teeth
C) mouth
D) esophagus
E) stomach

B) teeth

Inorganic substances necessary to body functioning that must be ingested through the diet are:
A) carbon
B) vitamins
C) complete proteins
D) coenzymes
E) minerals

E) minerals

Intrinsic factor in digestion is a stomach secretion needed for absorption of __________ from the
small intestine.
A) vitamin K
B) vitamin B12
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin D

B) vitamin B12

The reflex that helps an infant hold on to the nipple and swallow is called the:
A) sucking reflex
B) fetal reflex
C) peristaltic reflex
D) rooting reflex
E) nursing reflex

A) sucking reflex

Amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest:
A) starch
B) minerals
C) vitamins
D) fat
E) protein

A) starch

The hormone responsible for causing the stomach to release pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid is:
A) bile
B) amylase
C) rennin
D) gastrin
E) pepsin

D

The liver metabolizes fats for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A) synthesis of lipoproteins
B) synthesis of vitamin K
C) ATP production
D) synthesis of thromboplastin
E) synthesis of cholesterol

B) synthesis of vitamin K

Acidosis (ketoacidosis) occurs when __________ is digested
A) glycogen
B) glycogen or glucose
C) protein
D) fat
E) glucose

D) fat

Which one of the following is continuous with the esophagus:
A) linguopharynx
B) nasopharynx
C) oropharynx
D) laryngopharynx
E) esophagopharynx

D) laryngopharynx

Protein digestion begins in the:
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) stomach
D) mouth
E) esophagus

C) stomach

The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called:
A) mastication
B) chemical digestion
C) ingestion
D) absorption
E) peristalsis

E) peristalsis

The first nutrient to be chemically digested is:
A) vitamins
B) fat
C) starch
D) protein
E) minerals

C) starch

The sequence of steps by which large food molecules are broken down into their respective building blocks by catalytic enzymes within hydrolysis reactions is called:
A) mechanical digestion
B) propulsion
C) ingestion
D) absorption
E) chemical digestion

E) chemical digestion