Print Chapter 20 The heart flashcards

Chapter 20 The heart

front 1 Which network of blood vessels carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs?	back 1 Pulmonary Circuit
front 2 Which vessels have very thin walls and are often called exchange vessels because they allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes with surrounding tissues?	back 2 Capillaries
front 3 Which layer of the heart wall is the visceral pericardium?	back 3 Epicardium
front 4 Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae?	back 4 Right Atrium

front 5 Which chamber contains trabeculae carneae?	back 5 Right and Left Ventricles
front 6 The left ventricle pumps blood into the __________.	back 6 Ascending Aorta
front 7 Which valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle?	back 7 Tricuspid Valve
front 8 The right and left coronary arteries originate at the base of the __________.	back 8 Ascending Aorta

front 9 A large vein that opens into the right atrium and brings in venous blood from the heart tissue is the __________.	back 9 Coronary Sinus
front 10 Which of the following is called the cardiac pacemaker?	back 10 The sinoatrial node is called the cardiac pacemaker because it establishes heart rate.
front 11 What structures in the conduction system conduct impulses very rapidly to the ventricular myocardium?	back 11 Purkinje Fibers
front 12 The QRS complex on the ECG represents __________.	back 12 Ventricular Depolarization

front 13 The plateau in the action potential is caused by the entry of ________ ions.	back 13 Calcium
front 14 What is the term for contraction of a heart chamber?	back 14 Systole
front 15 What occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole?	back 15 The AV valves close, and ventricular pressure rises.
front 16 What produces the "lubb" of the first heart sound?	back 16 closing of the atrioventricular valves

front 17 What is measured in milliliters per beat?	back 17 stroke volume
front 18 What effect does epinephrine have on the SA node?	back 18 increases heart rate
front 19 What could increase the strength of the contraction of a ventricle?	back 19 increased stretch on the ventricle
front 20 Which of the following statements about autonomic tone is FALSE? Resting heart rate will be 70–80 beats per minute. Parasympathetic rates dominate in a resting healthy adult. ACh and NE are released at the nodes. Sympathetic effects dominate in a resting healthy adult.	back 20 Sympathetic effects dominate in a resting healthy adult.

front 21 Label the following structures of the conducting system of the heart.	back 21 A. AV Bundle B. Purkinje Fibers C. SA Node D. Internodal Pathways E. AV Node
front 22 Label the following activities of the impulse conduction through the heart.	back 22 E. SA node activity and atrial activation begin. C. Electrical impulses spread across both atria. A. Atrial contraction begins. D. The electrical impulse moves down the interventricular septum. B. Atrial contraction is over and ventricular contraction begins.
front 23 Put the following steps to blood flow through the heart in the correct order: A. venae cavae B. right ventricle C. pulmonary arteries D. pulmonary veins E. pulmonary trunk F. right atrium	back 23 A. venae cavae F. right atrium B. right ventricle E. pulmonary trunk C. pulmonary arteries D. pulmonary veins
front 24 Beginning at the natural pacemaker region, arrange the components of the heart's conducting system in the order that an action potential would pass, by matching (1) through (6): a. AV bundle (bundle of His) b. internodal pathways c. Purkinje fibers d. atrioventricular (AV) node e. sinoatrial (SA) node f. left and right bundle branches	back 24 E. SA node B. Internodal pathways D. AV node A. AV bundle F. left and right bundle branches C. Purkinje Fibers

front 25 Put the steps of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the resting period between heart beats. a. Ventricular diastole early b. Ventricular diastole late c. Atrial systole d. Ventricular systole first phase e. Ventricular systole second phase f. Atrial diastole	back 25 C. Atrial Systole F. Atrial Diastole D. Ventricular Systole 1st phase E. Ventricular Systole 2nd phase A. Ventricular Diastole Early B. Ventricular Diastole Late
front 26 P wave	back 26 Depolarization of the atria
front 27 P-R Interval	back 27 Transmission of the impulse to contract from the SA node to the AV node and through the ventricles
front 28 QRS complex	back 28 Ventricular depolarization

front 29 Q-T interval	back 29 Time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and repolarization
front 30 T wave	back 30 Repolarization of ventricles
front 31 Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called __________.	back 31 Arteries
front 32 When the heart beats, the __________ contract first.	back 32 atria

front 33 The left atrium collects blood from the __________ and empties into the left ventricle.	back 33 pulmonary circuit
front 34 When blood is ejected from the heart, it is pushed from the ____ to the _____. atria; ventricle apex; base ventricle; atria base; apex	back 34 apex; base
front 35 The heart has _____ chambers and ______ valves.	back 35 4;4
front 36 The epicardium of the heart is the same as the __________.	back 36 visceral pericardium

front 37 On the outside of the heart, the boundaries between the right and left ventricles are marked by the __________.	back 37 anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus
front 38 The expandable outer portion of each atrium is called __________.	back 38 an auricle
front 39 The right atrium receives blood from the __________. superior vena cava coronary sinus inferior vena cava All of the listed responses are correct.	back 39 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 40 The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood into the _____, and the semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the _____.	back 40 atria; ventricles

front 41 The right and left AV valves are also called the ______ and _______, respectively.	back 41 tricuspid; bicuspid
front 42 The free edges of the AV valves are attached to fibers called __________.	back 42 chordae tendineae
front 43 The left atrium receives blood from the __________.	back 43 pulmonary veins
front 44 The innermost layer of the heart is called the __________.	back 44 endocardium

front 45 Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve and enters the __________.	back 45 pulmonary trunk
front 46 Which of the following statements concerning the heart is FALSE? The heart sits at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the body. The heart lies slightly to the left of midline. The heart is rotated toward the right. The heart is surrounded by the pericardial cavity.	back 46 The heart is rotated toward the right.
front 47 Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle __________. develops less pressure during contraction holds less blood has a thicker wall increases in diameter during contraction	back 47 has a thicker wall
front 48 The valve known as the mitral valve is located __________.	back 48 between the left atrium and left ventricle

front 49 Marginal branches are extensions of the __________.	back 49 right coronary artery
front 50 In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells have a _______ phase as part of their action potential.	back 50 Plateau
front 51 The SA node acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these cells are __________.	back 51 the cells that depolarize and reach threshold first
front 52 The refractory period of cardiac muscles is __________ than that of skeletal muscles.	back 52 longer

front 53 If undisturbed, the cells of the AV node will depolarize about __________ times per second.	back 53 40–60
front 54 Without external interactions, the cells of the SA node depolarize __________ times per minute.	back 54 80-100
front 55 The Purkinje fibers __________. conduct impulses very slowly do not conduct impulses conduct impulses rapidly spontaneously depolarize 100 times per second	back 55 conduct impulses rapidly
front 56 The bundle branches ___________. extend to the apex of the heart transmit impulses to the left and right ventricle. conduct impulses to the Purkinje fibers All of the listed responses are correct.	back 56 All of the listed responses are correct

front 57 The QRS complex represents __________.	back 57 Ventricular Depolarization
front 58 The P wave represents __________.	back 58 Atrial Depolarization
front 59 The T wave represents _________.	back 59 Ventricular Repolarization
front 60 Which of the following correctly describes conducting cells of the SA node? They are smaller than contractile cells. They cannot maintain a stable resting potential. They generate actions potentials at a rate of 80–100 per minute. All of the listed responses are correct.	back 60 All of the listed responses are correct.

front 61 The contractile cells of the myocardium reach threshold because of an influx of ____.	back 61 cations
front 62 Which of the following statements concerning contractile cells and the heartbeat is INCORRECT? The opening of fast channels in the membranes of contractile cells results in a rapid depolarization. During the absolute refractory period, the membrane is incapable of responding to a new stimulus. The plateau phase of the contractile cell's action potential is the result of calcium ions moving out of the cell. Contractile cells form the bulk of the atrial and ventricular walls.	back 62 The plateau phase of the contractile cell's action potential is the result of calcium ions moving out of the cell. ********
front 63 The conduction delay that occurs at the AV node allows __________.	back 63 the atria to contract before the ventricles begin to contract
front 64 An elderly man is brought into the hospital on a hot, sunny day complaining of light-headedness. You administer an ECG and notice that the P–R interval is 350 msec. His heart sounds are normal. His blood tests indicate that the LDH, SGOT, CK, and CK-MB levels are all normal. What is wrong with this patient?	back 64 The man has a problem with the conduction system of the atria or possibly with the AV node.

front 65 During ventricular filling, the AV valves are ____, and the semilunar valves are _______.	back 65 open;closed
front 66 Contraction of the chambers of the heart is called _____, and relaxation of the chambers of the heart is called _____.	back 66 systole;diastole
front 67 When atrial contraction begins, the ventricles are __________.	back 67 relaxed and filling
front 68 The dicrotic notch marks the point when the __________.	back 68 aortic valve closes

front 69 The first heart sound, "lubb," marks the point when __________.	back 69 the atrioventricular valves close
front 70 There is (are) __________ heart sound(s).	back 70 4
front 71 Which of the following statements concerning atrial systole is FALSE? The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of atrial systole is end-diastolic volume, or EDV. During atrial systole, blood moves from the atrium to the ventricle through the AV valve. During atrial systole, the pressure in the atrium is higher than the pressure in the ventricle. At the start of atrial systole, there is very little blood in the ventricles.	back 71 At the start of atrial systole, there is very little blood in the ventricles.
front 72 Which of the following statements concerning ventricular diastole is FALSE? The elasticity of the connective tissues of the heart and fibrous skeleton causes ventricles to expand during ventricular diastole. At the beginning of ventricular diastole, both the AV valves and semilunar valves are closed. As the ventricles begin to fill with blood, the pressure in the chamber rises. When the AV valves initially open, both the atria and the ventricles are in diastole.	back 72 As the ventricles begin to fill with blood, the pressure in the chamber rises.

front 73 The stroke volume of the heart is approximately __________.	back 73 80mL
front 74 Stroke volume is defined as __________.	back 74 the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during ventricular systole
front 75 Cardiac output is defined as __________. HR × (EDV − ESV) HR × EDV HR × SV both HR × SV and HR × (EDV − ESV) None of the listed responses is correct.	back 75 both HR × SV and HR × (EDV − ESV)
front 76 Which statement(s) is (are) true with regard to preload? If EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases. Preload is increased with a rapid heartbeat. During exercise, increased venous return increases EDV. If EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases; AND during exercise, increased venous return increases EDV. All of these statements are true.	back 76 If EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases; AND during exercise, increased venous return increases EDV.

front 77 Starling's law of the heart refers to the relationship between __________.	back 77 EDV and SV
front 78 Which of the following would be considered a positive inotropic agent? beta-blocking medications acetylcholine calcium-blocking medications digitalis	back 78 digitalis
front 79 In a normal resting adult, the effects of the __________ division of the autonomic nervous system dominate.	back 79 parasympathetic
front 80 The cardiac output (CO) is equal to __________.	back 80 SV x HR

front 81 Which of the following is NOT a factor that controls stroke volume? sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium cardiac output contractility of the heart end-systolic volume end-diastolic volume	back 81 cardiac output
front 82 What is the term for an abnormally slow heart rate?	back 82 bradycardia
front 83 What does the Frank–Starling principle state?	back 83 There is a direct relationship between the EDV and the SV.
front 84 True/False. Bradycardia is the term used to describe a faster than normal heart beat.	back 84 False. Tachycardia is the term used to describe a faster than normal heart rate.

front 85 True/False. Starling’s law of the heart states that increasing the EDV leads to an increase in the stroke volume.	back 85 True
front 86 True/False. The AV valves are part of the heart’s fibrous skeleton.	back 86 True
front 87 True/False. The coronary arteries are branches of the superior vena cava.	back 87 False. The coronary arteries are the first branches of the aorta.
front 88 True/False. The pericardial sac is lined by the visceral pericardium.	back 88 False. The visceral pericardium covers or is attached directly to the heart.

front 89 Since the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle is nearly as long as the contraction phase, _____ contractions cannot occur in normal cardiac muscle cells.	back 89 tetanic
front 90 The end-diastolic volume (EDV) is affected by the filling time and the _____. (use two words)	back 90 Venous return
front 91 Calcium entry into the cardiac muscle cell creates a _____ in the action potential that lasts about 175 msec.	back 91 Plateau
front 92 When _____ is released from autonomic neurons at the heart, the repolarization period is shortened and nodal cells reach threshold more quickly.	back 92 norepinephrine; NE

front 93 The blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are subdivided into three circuits known as the __________.	back 93 coronary, pulmonary, and systemic circuits
front 94 Which statement is true? If the pacemaker of the heart stops, the AV node will take over. The AV node can generate electrical impulses just as quickly as the SA node. The autonomic nervous system has no effect on the heart. If the pacemaker of the heart fails, then the heart will stop beating.	back 94 If the pacemaker of the heart stops, the AV node will take over.
front 95 The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the __________. conus arteriosus right atrium left ventricle right ventricle	back 95 left ventricle
front 96 The "double pump" function of the heart includes the right side, which serves as the __________ circuit pump, while the left side serves as the __________ pump. pulmonary; hepatic portal pulmonary; systemic hepatic portal; cardiac systemic; pulmonary	back 96 pulmonary; systemic

front 97 The coronary arteries emerge at the base of the __________. pulmonary trunk aorta inferior vena cava circumflex branch	back 97 aorta
front 98 Which blood vessels are known as exchange vessels? veins capillaries arteries All of the listed responses are correct.	back 98 capillaries
front 99 Blood from the coronary circuit is collected on the posterior aspect of the heart in a blood vessel known as the __________. interventricular vein great cardiac vein circumflex branch coronary sinus	back 99 coronary sinus
front 100 During the action potential in a contractile cardiac muscle cell, the opening of slow calcium channels results in the______ phase. repolarization depolarization plateau hyperpolarization	back 100 plateau

front 101 When deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve, it is forced into the __________. aortic arch lung capillaries pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins	back 101 pulmonary arteries
front 102 The passageways between cardiac muscle cells that allow ions to pass freely are called __________. trabeculae carneae anastomoses gap junctions desmosomes	back 102 gap junctions
front 103 Which of the following are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? nonstriated, multinucleated, and involuntary striated, multinucleated, and voluntary muscle striated, single central nucleus, and involuntary striated, single central nucleus, and voluntary	back 103 striated, single central nucleus, and involuntary
front 104 Cardiac muscle tissue __________. will not contract unless stimulated by autonomic nerves will not contract unless stimulated by somatic motor neurons is innervated mostly by neurons associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS has its own intrinsic conduction system that can set the pace of the beating heart	back 104 has its own intrinsic conduction system that can set the pace of the beating heart

front 105 The right coronary artery generally gives rise to __________. the posterior interventricular artery the circumflex branch the marginal branches the marginal branches and the posterior interventricular artery All the listed responses are correct.	back 105 the marginal branches and the posterior interventricular artery
front 106 The left coronary artery supplies blood to __________. the circumflex branch the anterior interventricular artery the posterior descending artery the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex branch All the listed responses are correct.	back 106 the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex branch
front 107 What is the correct sequential path of a normal action potential in the heart? SA node, AV node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers AV node, SA node, AV bundle, bundle of His SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers SA node, AV bundle, AV node, Purkinje fibers	back 107 SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
front 108 Blood flows from the left atrium through the _______ to the left ventricle. aortic valve tricuspid valve pulmonary valve mitral valve	back 108 mitral valve

front 109 The P wave on the ECG indicates __________. the electrical events spreading out over both atria the spread of the electrical events down the interventricular septum the contraction of the atria the spread of electrical events over both ventricles	back 109 the electrical events spreading out over both atria
front 110 After the AV node is depolarized and the impulse spreads through the atria, there is a slight delay before the impulse spreads to the ventricles. The reason for this delay is to allow __________. the ventricles to contract a greater venous return the atria to contract the atria to fill with blood	back 110 the atria to contract
front 111 Valvular heart disease can be a result of __________. congenital malformation rheumatic fever carditis All of the listed responses are correct.	back 111 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 112 The QRS complex of the ECG appears as the __________. ventricles repolarize atria depolarize ventricles depolarize atria repolarize	back 112 ventricles depolarize

front 113 When a chamber of the heart fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next cardiac cycle, the chamber is in __________. diastole systole ventricular ejection isovolumetric contraction	back 113 diastole
front 114 During the isovolumetric contraction phase, the pressure in the _____ has to rise above aortic pressure for ventricular ejection to occur. right atria left atria right ventricle left ventricle	back 114 left ventricle
front 115 How would you define cardiac output? the amount of blood pumped out of both ventricles in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of the atria and ventricles in one minute the end-diastolic volume plus the end-systolic volume	back 115 the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute
front 116 The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat is the __________. end-systolic volume cardiac output end-diastolic volume stroke volume	back 116 stroke volume

front 117 Under normal circumstances, the factors responsible for making delicate adjustments to the heart rate as circulatory demands change are __________. cardiac output and stroke volume nerve activity and muscular activity autonomic activity and circulatory hormones All of the listed responses are correct.	back 117 autonomic activity and circulatory hormones
front 118 The cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata monitor baroreceptors and chemoreceptors innervated by the __________. glossopharyngeal N IX and vagus N X accessory N XI and hypoglossal N XII facial N VII and vesitbulocochlear N VIII trochlear N IV and trigeminal N V	back 118 glossopharyngeal N IX and vagus N X
front 119 The difference between the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV) is the __________. preload and afterload cardiac output stroke volume cardiac reserve	back 119 stroke volume
front 120 Parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus nerve results in __________. a decrease in heart rate an increased heart rate and cardiac output no effect on the heart rate more forceful ventricular contractions	back 120 a decrease in heart rate

front 121 Which of the following statements is part of Starling's law of the heart? A slightly larger and better-contracting heart will increase stroke volume. An increase in venous return will increase blood flow into the heart. The greater the ventricular stretch, the more forceful the contraction. All of the listed responses are correct.	back 121 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 122 Physicians are interested in cardiac output because it provides a useful indication of __________. valvular malfunctions atrial efficiency in respect to time ventricular efficiency over time the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle	back 122 ventricular efficiency over time
front 123 Which heart chamber has the thickest muscular walls? left ventricle right ventricle right atrium left atrium	back 123 left ventricle
front 124 Which of the following medications serves as a positive treatment by interfering with the removal of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle cells? digitalis beta blockers acetylcholine verapamil	back 124 digitalis

front 125 What is the function of the chordae tendineae? to anchor the aortic valve flaps and prevent backflow into the ventricles to anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria to anchor the bicuspid valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the ventricle to anchor the semilunar valve flaps and prevent backward flow of blood into the ventricles	back 125 to anchor the AV valve flaps and prevent backflow of blood into the atria
front 126 Which of the following would NOT show up on an electrocardiogram? conduction deficits SA node damage cardiac arrhythmias murmurs	back 126 murmurs
front 127 During ventricular systole , what occurs when the pressure in the left ventricle rises above that in the left atrium? The aortic valve closes. The left AV valve opens. All the valves close. The left AV valve closes.	back 127 The left AV valve closes.
front 128 During ventricular systole, the blood volume in the atria is __________, and the volume in the ventricle is __________. decreasing; decreasing increasing; decreasing increasing; increasing decreasing; increasing	back 128 increasing; decreasing

front 129 Cardiac muscle cells are nourished via blood supply provided from the __________. pulmonary circuit coronary circuit systemic circuit All of the listed responses are correct	back 129 coronary circuit
front 130 Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the __________. lungs aorta left atria right atria	back 130 lungs
front 131 Which of the following statements is (are) true? If you increase heart rate, then you will increase SV. During ventricular systole, the papillary muscles contract to keep the AV valves shut and prevents them from swinging up into the atria. If you increase ESV, then you will increase SV. None of these statements is true.	back 131 During ventricular systole, the papillary muscles contract to keep the AV valves shut and prevents them from swinging up into the atria.
front 132 The heart sound associated with S2 occurs as the ventricles ____ and the semilunar valves ______. relax; open relax; close contract; close contract; open	back 132 relax; close

front 133 During isovolumetric systole, pressure is highest in the __________. left atrium pulmonary veins aorta left ventricle	back 133 left ventricle
front 134 Blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during __________. isovolumetric systole atrial systole isovolumetric diastole ventricular ejection	back 134 ventricular ejection
front 135 Decreased parasympathetic (vagus) stimulation to the heart results in a situation known as __________. stenosis bradycardia carditis tachycardia	back 135 tachycardia
front 136 Serious arrhythmias that reduce the pumping efficiency of the heart may indicate __________. injury to the SA and AV nodes variations in the ionic composition of the extracellular fluids damage to the myocardium All of the listed responses are correct.	back 136 All of the listed responses are correct.

front 137 During exercise, the most important control mechanism to increase cardiac output is __________. increased end-systolic volume increased acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve increased body temperature increased sympathetic activity to the ventricles	back 137 increased sympathetic activity to the ventricles
front 138 In the diastole phase of the ventricles, __________. presystolic pressures are high the ventricles are "resting" the semilunar valves are open the AV valves are closed	back 138 the ventricles are "resting"
front 139 Which of the following does NOT control the movement of blood through the heart? the conducting system size of the atria and ventricles contraction of the myocardium opening and closing of the valves	back 139 size of the atria and ventricles
front 140 Valvular malfunction in the heart __________. interferes with ventricular contraction interferes with movement of blood through the heart increases the cardiac output causes an increase in the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle	back 140 interferes with movement of blood through the heart

front 141

If the bicuspid valve is defective and valvular regurgitation occurs, the end result is __________.

an insufficient amount of blood available to be moved into the aorta and systemic circulation
an overstretching of the left ventricle, causing a decrease in the force of contraction
gushing of blood into the left ventricle, causing excessive pressure
All of the listed responses are correct.

back 141

an insufficient amount of blood available to be moved into the aorta and systemic circulation

front 142

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cardiac muscle cells?

multiple nuclei
calcium entry is a trigger for contraction
mitochondria account for 25 percent of cell volume
short T tubules

back 142

multiple nuclei

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Chapter 20 The heart