front 1 Spontaneous Generation | back 1 Living things came from non-living entities (rats from old clothes, worms from rotten meat) |
front 2 Germ Theory | back 2 Stated that living things came from other living things and that germs (animalcules) can invide other organisms and produce disease. |
front 3 Leewenhoek | back 3 Invented the microscope (300x magnification) |
front 4 Animalcules | back 4 Name Leewenhoek gave the microbes he discovered under his microscope |
front 5 Pasteur | back 5 Developed pasteurization for beer and wine
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front 6 Koch | back 6 Demonstrated that anthrax in humans/cattle is due to Bacillus anthracis
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front 7 Semmelweiss | back 7 First to implement sanitary practices in maternity wards to avoid puerperal fever |
front 8 Lister | back 8 Developed procedures for surgical antisepsis by using carbolic acid to disinfect |
front 9 Ehrlick | back 9 Initiated search for "magic bullets" or chemicals that target pathogens but spare host tissues. Father of Chemotheraphy |
front 10 Flemming | back 10 Discovered penicillin (first antibiotic) |
front 11 Major Groups of Microbes | back 11 Bacteria, Protists, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi |
front 12 Bacteria | back 12 Unicellular prokaryotes, divide by binary fission,
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front 13 Protists | back 13 Mostly unicellular eukaryotes |
front 14 Algae | back 14 plant like protest that are usually aquatic and photosynthetic. |
front 15 Protozoa | back 15 animal-like protists, mostly capable of movement (amoeba) |
front 16 Fungi | back 16 mostly multi-cellular eukaryotes with filamentous bodies, usually spore-bearing, generally non-motile, non-photosynthetic although may look like plants in appearance
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front 17 Viruses | back 17 Submicroscopic, acellular entities composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not both) with a protein coat, and always obligate parasites. |
front 18 Other Microbes | back 18 Helminths, Arthropods |
front 19 Importance of Microbes to Man and Ecosystem | back 19 Serve as agents of human, plant and animal diseases
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front 20 Importance of Microbes | back 20 Consumed as food by other organisms
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front 21 Bubonic Plague | back 21 Killed 25 million Europeans
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front 22 Typhus | back 22 caused by bacterium rickettsia species |
front 23 smallpox | back 23 caused worldwide death and migration of people |
front 24 Influenza | back 24 more soldiers died from this than warfare. |
front 25 Cholera | back 25 vibrio cholera--one of the main causes of death in the 3rd world due to polluted water |
front 26 AIDS | back 26 One of the most cruel microbial diseases |
front 27 SARS | back 27 (corona virus) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,
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front 28 Mad Cow Disease | back 28 Infectious Disease = prions |
front 29 What microbe is penicillin made from? | back 29 Fungus |
front 30 What microbe is streptomycin made from? | back 30 Bacteria |
front 31 What microbe is Botox made from? | back 31 bacterium |
front 32 Why are microbes excellent tools for research? | back 32 The have simple structures that are easy to study
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front 33 What is the name for the branch of microbiology studying bacteria? | back 33 Bacteriology |
front 34 What is the name for the branch of microbiology studying fungi? | back 34 Mycology |
front 35 What is the name for the branch of microbiology studying algae? | back 35 Phycology |
front 36 What is the name for the branch of microbiology studying parasites? | back 36 parasitology |
front 37 What is the name for the branch of microbiology studying viruses? | back 37 virology |
front 38 What is the name of the branch of biology studying protists? | back 38 Protozoology |
front 39 Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? | back 39 No |
front 40 How many cells do prokaryotes have? | back 40 One. They are single-celled |
front 41 What is the cell wall of a prokaryote made of? | back 41 Peptidoglycan |
front 42 Cell size of a prokaryote: small or large? | back 42 Small (0.3-10um) |
front 43 Do prokaryotes have mitochondria? | back 43 No |
front 44 Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals are examples of _______. | back 44 Eukaryotes |
front 45 Do eukaryotes have a nucleus? | back 45 Yes |
front 46 What is the cellular structure of a Eukaryote? | back 46 Mostly multicellular except protists and yeasts |
front 47 What is the general cell size of a Eukaryote? | back 47 Large (1-100um) |
front 48 What is the cell wall made of in a Eukaryote? | back 48 Cellulose, chitin (none in animals) |
front 49 What is the function of a cell membrane in a prokaryotic cell? | back 49 Double layer of phospholipid, making it semi-permeable
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front 50 What are the two unique functions of prokaryotic cells? | back 50 Site of DNA attachment during replication
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front 51 Endospores contain many layers of which two substances? | back 51 calcium and dipicolonic acid |
front 52 Endospores are considered to be survival rather than reproductive structure because ____________. | back 52 They can withstand adverse environmental conditions. |
front 53 Endospores are formed by only some bacteria of the genus _________ and _____________. | back 53 Bacillus and Clostridium |
front 54 Cell walls with a gram positive reaction will have a thick ______________ layer. | back 54 Peptidoglycan layer |
front 55 Cell walls with a thin peptidoglycan layer will be be Gram ______________. | back 55 negative |
front 56 Acid-fast cell walls will have both a peptidoglycan layer, as well as a thick layer of lipid. True or False? | back 56 True |
front 57 Members of the Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera) are _______________ and ______________. | back 57 Archaea and Bacteria |
front 58 Prokarayotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls, surviving in extreme environmental conditions and not inhibited by antibiotics are _____________. | back 58 Archaea |
front 59 Archaea that are strict anaeorobes, decompose in sewer systems and produce methane gas are _________. | back 59 Methanogens |
front 60 Archaea that thrive in high salt environments. Some are photosynthetic with purple pigment. | back 60 Extreme Halophiles |
front 61 Archaea that survive in very hot environments (60-80 degrees C) such as volcanic vents, mud springs, hot springs. Some can produce sulfuric acid. | back 61 Extreme Thermophiles |
front 62 Prokaryotes with typical peptidoglycan in their cell walls, survive in ordinary environments, mostly inhibited by antibiotics. | back 62 Bacteria |
front 63 Type of bacteria without cell walls, fastidious and hard to grow in artificial medium. | back 63 Mycoplasmas |
front 64 Obligate parasites, can't grow on artificial medium, thought to be viruses. | back 64 Chlamydia, and Rickettsiae |
front 65 Only true bacteria without peptidoglycan | back 65 Chlamydia |
front 66 Mostly unicellular eukaryotes, "Dumpsite" for organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animal, or fungi. Subdivided into "phylum" based on mode of locomotion. | back 66 Kingdom Protista |
front 67 An "animal-like" protist | back 67 Protozoa |
front 68 Move by pseudopodia (false feet), which are actually cytoplasmic extensions | back 68 Sarcodina (Amoeba) |
front 69 Motile by one or more flagella, some are free-living but others are pathogenic | back 69 Mastigophora |
front 70 Animal-like protist. Non-motile, parasitic protozoa with complex life cycle involving a biological vector or carrier. | back 70 Sporozoans |
front 71 Animal-like protist. Move by cilia over the cell, largest group of protozoa that are involved in cleaning the environment | back 71 Ciliates (Paramecium) |
front 72 Plant like protists capable of photosynthesis | back 72 Algae |
front 73 Plant like protist. Motile by single flagellum and has characteristic pigmented "eyespot" as light detector. | back 73 Euglenoids |
front 74 Plant like protist. Non-motile with glass like appearance due to silica in the cell walls, used as an abrasives in toothpaste. | back 74 Diatoms. |
front 75 What is a cell? | back 75 Basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of at least one cell. |
front 76 What are the four universal components of cells? | back 76 1. Cytoplasm (Semi-solid part of the cell)
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front 77 Long, spiral bacteria (some are agents of STD's such as syphilis and lime disease) | back 77 Spirochetes |
front 78 Kingdom made up of mostly multicellular, filamentous, spore-bearing, non-photosynthetic. Classification within the Kingdom is based on their sexual structures. | back 78 Kingdom Fungi |
front 79 Member of Kingdom Fungi, sexual spores can survive under adverse environment.
| back 79 Zygomycetes (molds) |
front 80 Member of Kingdon Fungi, sexual spores are borne in a club-like structure. Many are edible mushrooms. | back 80 Basidomycetes (club-fungi) |
front 81 Member of Kingdom Fungi, produces hallucigenic (LSD-like) and toxic substance called "muscarin". | back 81 Amanita muscaria |
front 82 Sac-like fungi, sexual spores are born in a sac-life structure. 8 spores in a sac (like a pea pod) | back 82 Asomycete |
front 83 "Fungi imperfecti", sexual stage has not been found | back 83 Deuteromycetes |
front 84 B-A-D-Z | back 84 Pneumonic for remembering Kingdom Fungi:
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front 85 Eukaryotic cells divide by __________. | back 85 Mitosis |
front 86 Prokaryotic cells divide by __________. | back 86 Binary Fission |
front 87 What are the four stages of mitosis? | back 87 Prophase, Metaphasse, Anaphase, Telaphase |
front 88 What triggers sporulation? | back 88 Exhaustion of Nutrients
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front 89 What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve? | back 89 Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death phases |
front 90 What happens in the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve? | back 90 Period of Adaptation, no significant increase in population, cells increase in size. |
front 91 What happens in the log phase of the bacterial growth curve? | back 91 Period of exponential growth, most active metabolically, antibiotics will have the greatest effect |
front 92 What happens in the stationary phase of the bacterial growth curve? | back 92 Period where the number of live cells = number of dead cells, space is limited, endospores begin to form |
front 93 What happens in the death and decline phase of the bacterial growth curve? | back 93 Cells lose ability to divide, # of dead cells increases, endosporers are more abundant than cells. |
front 94 Mechanism of Gene transfer in bacteria where a small piece of "naked DNA" from the environment is taken in by bacteria cell. Only occurs at certain stage of growth, plasmid, and parts of chromosomes from dead cells can get into host cell. | back 94 Transformation |
front 95 Mechanism of gene transfer where DNA is transferred from a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria) to a bacterial cell | back 95 Transduction |
front 96 Mechanism of gene transfer where direct transfer of DNA via F-Pilus, occurs usually between 2 related bacteria, but unrelated can mate. | back 96 Conjugation |
front 97 Biosynthetic pathways. Large molecules are built from small building blocks. (Ie. dehydration synthesis) | back 97 Anabolic Pathways |
front 98 Endorgonic requires ___________________. | back 98 Energy Input, chemical bonds are created. |
front 99 Degradative pathways, large molecules are broken down to simpler ones | back 99 Catabolic pathways |
front 100 Exorgonic= _______________________. | back 100 Energy is released, chemical bonds are broken. |
front 101 Speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process | back 101 Enzymes |
front 102 Enzymes are usually named after their _____________. | back 102 substrates |
front 103 Enzyme names end with "______" | back 103 "ase" |
front 104 Specific molecular shape where the substrate "fits" into the enzyme due to a specific molecular shape. | back 104 "lock and key" |
front 105 Extreme temperature, pH, ionic concentration are all factures in __________________. | back 105 Denaturation of an enzyme |
front 106 Binding to active sites of enzymes, depriving substrates of their binding sites | back 106 Competitive Inhibition |
front 107 Binding to other sites (other than the active site) thus deforming the shape of the active site is called _______________. | back 107 Non-competitive inhibition |