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BIO 340 Exam 3-Lecture 15

front 1

What's the building blocks of DNA?

back 1

Nucleotides

front 2

What do nucleotides consist of?

back 2

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

front 3

What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?

5'-GCGTATG-3'

A. 5'-CGCATAC-3'
B. 5'-CATACGC-3'
C. 5'-GTATGCG-5'

back 3

B. 5'-CATACGC-3'

front 4

What type of replication is used to reproduce DNA?

back 4

Semiconservative Replication

front 5

What does conservative replication consist of?

back 5

The original helix is conserved and two newly synthesized strands come together

front 6

What does semiconservative replication consist of?

back 6

Each replicated DNA molecule consists of one "old" strand and one new strand

front 7

What does dispersive replication consist of?

back 7

Parental strands are dispersed into two new double helices

front 8

What type of replication would result in these two strands after one round of replication?

back 8

Conservative Replication

front 9

What type of replication would result in these two strands after one round of replication?

back 9

Semiconservative Replication

front 10

What type of replication would result in these two strands after one round of replication?

back 10

Dispersive Replication

front 11

What was learned/gained from the Meselson and Stahl experiment?

back 11

DNA replication is semiconservative in prokaryotes and that each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand

front 12

Does semiconservative replication only occur in prokaryotes or various other species as well?

back 12

Various other species as well

front 13

What are the different ways in which semiconservative replication can occur?

back 13

In either a circular or linear fashion depending on chromosome shape

front 14

Which of the following would result from a third round of replication using the methods of Messelson and Stahl?

A. One heavy band, one light band, and one intermediate band
B. One light band and one intermediate band
C. One light band
D. One heavy band

back 14

B. One light band and one intermediate band

front 15

Where does DNA replication begin?

back 15

At the origin of replication

front 16

Where/how is the replication fork created?

back 16

Where replication occurs, the strands of the helix are unwound thus producing a replication fork

front 17

Replication is _____, therefore there are two replication forks

back 17

Bidirectional

front 18

The length of DNA that is replicated following one initiation event at a single origin is called?

back 18

Replicon

front 19

How many circular DNA does bacteria have and at how many points does DNA synthesis originate at?

back 19

Bacteria has a single circular DNA and DNA synthesis originates at a single point

front 20

How many replicons does an entire bacterial chromosome constitute?

back 20

One replicon

front 21

In eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at one or many sites?

back 21

Many sites

front 22

What does DNA polmerase do?

back 22

DNA polymerase catalyzes DNA synthesis and requires a DNA template and all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in order to help catalyze the polymerization of dNTPs into a DNA strand

front 23

How do nucleotides arrive?

back 23

They arrive as nucleosides

front 24

True or False: DNA bases do not arrive with an energy source for bonding

back 24

False, DNA bases arrive with their own energy for bonding

front 25

What is the bonded enzyme called?

back 25

DNA polymerase

front 26

What are nucleosides?

back 26

DNA bases with P-P-P which is energy for bonding

front 27

In what direction does chain elongation occur?

back 27

5' to 3'

front 28

What are DNA polymerases?

back 28

Enzymes that help catalyze in the polymerization of dNTPs into a DNA strand

front 29

What can DNA polymerases 1, 2, and 3, do to a DNA strand (primer)?

What can they not do?

back 29

Can: elongate an existing DNA strand
Cannot: initiate DNA synthesis

front 30

What do all DNA polymerases (1, 2, and 3) possess? (activity type?) and what does it enable them to do?

back 30

Possess 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that allows them to proofread newly synthesized DNA and remove and replace incorrect nucleotides

front 31

What kind of exonuclease activity does DNA polymerase 1 possess?

back 31

Only DNA polymerase I demonstrates 5' to 3' exonuclease activity, which allows it to excise primers and fill in the gaps left behind.

front 32

Which DNA polymerases possess 5'-3' polymerization?

back 32

DNA polymerases I, II, and III

front 33

Which DNA polymerases possess 3'-5' exonuclease activity?

back 33

DNA polymerases I,II, and III

front 34

Which DNA polymerases possess 5'-3' exonuclease activity?

back 34

DNA polymerase I

front 35

How many molecules of polymerase/cell are found in DNA polymerase I and III?

back 35

DNA polymerase I: 400
DNA polymerase III: 15

front 36

Which DNA polymerase is responsible for the 5' to 3' polymerization essential in vivo?

back 36

DNA polymerase III

front 37

All known bacterial DNA polymerases _____

A. can initiate DNA chain synthesis
B. have 5' to 3' polymerization activity
C. have 3' to 5' polymerization activity
D. All of the above

back 37

B. have 5' to 3' polymerization activity

front 38

Which polymerases are the main DNA builders?

back 38

DNA polymerase II and III

front 39

Which polymerases are responsible for editing, repair and primer removal?

back 39

DNA polymerase I

front 40

How often do errors occur during cell copies and bases when dividing?

back 40

Only 1 error per 100 million bases

front 41

What are the seven key issues that must be resolved during DNA replication?

back 41

1. unwinding of the helix
2. reducing increased coiling generated during unwinding
3. synthesis of a primer for initiation
4. discontinuous synthesis of the second strand
5. removal of the RNA primers
6. joining of the gap-filling DNA to the adjacent strand
7. proofreading

front 42

Where does DnaA bind to? And what is it responsible for?

back 42

DnaA binds to the origin of replication and is responsible for the initial steps in unwinding the helix

front 43

What helicases further open and destabilize the helix?

back 43

DnaB and DnaC

front 44

What do the single-stranded binding proteins do?

back 44

Single-stranded binding proteins stabilize the open conformation

front 45

What do topoisomerases do in DNA replication?

back 45

Topoisomerases remove positive supercoils that normally form ahead of the growing replication fork

front 46

What are used to achieve a high speed replication of both the leading and lagging strands?

back 46

DNA polymerases utilize sliding clamps which move along the template without falling off

front 47

What are clamp loaders?

back 47

Clamp loaders are ATP-fueled moelcular machines that open the sliding clamp, load them onto primed DNA, and unload them at the appropriate time

front 48

What does DNA polymerase III require to elongate a polynucleotide chain?

back 48

Requires a primer

front 49

What does primase do to an RNA primer

back 49

Primase synthesizes an RNA primer which provides the free 3' hydroxyl required by DNA polymerase III

front 50

What does DNA polymerase I do?

back 50

It removes the primer and replaces it with DNA

front 51

True or False: Priming is a universal phenomemnon during initiation of DNA synthesis?

back 51

True

front 52

Which strand serves as a template for continuous DNA synthesis?

back 52

Leading strand

front 53

Which strand undergoes discontinuous DNA synthesis?

back 53

Lagging strand

front 54

How is the lagging strand synthesized?

back 54

As Okazaki fragments with an RNA primer

front 55

What does DNA polymerase I do?

back 55

It removes the primers on the lagging strand and its fragments are joined by DNA ligase

front 56

What is proofreading?

back 56

DNA polymerase uses structure of DNA to catch errors. Two stranded molecule passes through the DNA polymerase once synthesis is complete. If there's a wrong base it's detected and replaced.

front 57

What would happen if DNA polymerase used a single stranded DNA as a temple and the completed double strand didn't continue to interact with the enzyme after synthesis?

back 57

The number of errors in DNA replication would be much higher

front 58

What is an integral part of DNA replication?

back 58

Proofreading and error correction

front 59

What does DNA synthesis at a single replication fork involve?

back 59

DNA polymerase III, single stranded binding proteins, DNA gyrase, DNA helicase, RNA primers

front 60

Is DNA replication more complex in Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes?

back 60

Eukaryotes is more complex

front 61

What are some features shared between eukaryotic replication and replication in bacteria?

back 61

Double stranded DNA is unwound at replication origins, replication forks are formed, bidirectional synthesis creates a leading and lagging strand, eukaryotic require four dNTPs, a template and a primer

front 62

Why is Eukaryotic DNA replication more complex than that of prokaryotes?

back 62

They have more DNA that prokaryotic cells, chromosomes are linear, and DNA is complexed with proteins

front 63

How many origins of replication do eukaryotic chromosomes have?

back 63

Multiple origins of replication are had to allow the genome to replicated in a matter of minutes to a few hours

front 64

Yeast genomes contain 250-400 origins which are called?

back 64

Autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs)

front 65

When does the cell growth checkpoint occur in the cell cycle?

back 65

Occurs toward the end of the growth pahse

front 66

When does the DNA synthesis checkpont occur in the cell cycle?

back 66

Occurs during the synthesis (S) phase

front 67

When does the mitosis checkpoint occur in the cell cycle?

back 67

Occurs during the mitosis phase (M)

front 68

What is the checkpoint?

back 68

Checkpoint is a mechanism that halts progression throughout the cell cycle until a critical process like DNA replication is complete or until DNA damage is repaired

front 69

What happens when a checkpoint is satisfied?

back 69

the cell cycle continues

front 70

What type of proteins play a role in controlling the cell cycle?

back 70

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

front 71

What do complexes between cyclins and CDKs do to the cell?

back 71

Cause the cell cycle to advance

front 72

What do CDKs do?

back 72

They're regulatory molecules that alter the activity of many other proteins through phosphorylation. CDKs need o pair with cyclins to be active

front 73

What happens if cyclins are absent?

back 73

If cyclins are absent then CDKs do not function

front 74

What are the four separate proteins that assemble in an ordered fashion in Pre-RC?

back 74

ORC (origin recognition complex), Cdc6 and Cdt1 (helicase loading proteins), and Mcm 2-7 (complex, helicase)

front 75

Does the pre-RC initiate DNA unwinding before or after the S phase?

back 75

pre-RC initiates DNA unwinding after the cell enters the S phase

front 76

What are telomeres?

back 76

Telomeres are at the ends of linear chromosomes and consist of long stretches of short repeating sequences that preserve the integrity and stability of chromosomes

front 77

Telomeres provide ____ at chromosome ends but are _____ to ____

back 77

provide structural integrity at chromosome ends but are problematic to replicate

front 78

The enzyme telomerase directs synthesis of?
What does it result in?

back 78

TTGGGG and results in formation of hairpin structure

front 79

In most eukaryotic somatic cells is the telomerase active? What happens to eat with each cell division?

back 79

It is not active, and with each cell division the telomeres shorten and erode (causing further cell division to stop)

front 80

What do malignant cells maintain? Are they mortalized or immortalized?

back 80

They maintain telomerase activity and are immortalized.