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Exercise 4: The Cell - Anatomy and Division

front 1 Define the following term: Organelle	back 1 "small organs"; are the metabolic machinery of the cell, and that are highly organized to carry out specific functions for the cell as a whole.
front 2 Define the following term: Cell	back 2 the structural and functional unit of all living things, is a complete entity.
front 3 Although cells have differences that reflect their specific functions in the body, what functions do they have in common?	back 3 Growing, reproducing, and responding to a stimulus are common functioning characteristics amongst all cells. In addition, all cells can maintain their boundaries, metabolize, digest nutrients, and dispose wastes
front 4 Plasma membrane	back 4 external boundary of cell; regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell; site of cell signaling

front 5 Lysosome	back 5 contains digestive enzymes of many varieties; "suicide sac' of the cell
front 6 mitochondria	back 6 scattered throughout the cell; major site of ATP synthesis
front 7 Microvilli	back 7 slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area
front 8 Inclusions	back 8 stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments, and so on

front 9 Golgi apparatus	back 9 membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles; packages protein for export
front 10 Nucleus	back 10 control center of the cell; necessary for cell division and cell life
front 11 Centrioles	back 11 two rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus; direct formation of the mitotic spindle
front 12 Nucleolus	back 12 dense, darkly staining nuclear body; packaging site for ribosomes

front 13 Microfilaments	back 13 contractile elements of the cytoskeleton
front 14 Rough ER or endroplasmic reticulum	back 14 membranous system; involved in intracellular transport of proteins and synthesis of membrane lipids
front 15 Ribosomes	back 15 attached to membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm; synthesize proteins
front 16 Chromatin or Chromatin threads	back 16 threadlike structure in the nucleus; contain genetic material (DNA)

front 17 peroxisome	back 17 site of free radical detoxification
front 18 In the following diagram, label all parts provided with a leader line.	back 18 I broke the picture down cause it was not big enough to fit, they are in the following slide...
front 19 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE	back 19 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE
front 20 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE	back 20 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE

front 21 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE	back 21 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE
front 22 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE	back 22 PUT YOUR MOUSE OVER IMAGE TO ENLARGE
front 23 For each of the following cell types, list (a) one important structural characteristic observed in the laboratory, and (b) the function that the structure complements or ensures. squamous epithelium a.__________________________________________ b.__________________________________________	back 23 squamous epithelium tissue- a) flat shaped b) good for layering and overlapping.
front 24 For each of the following cell types, list (a) one important structural characteristic observed in the laboratory, and (b) the function that the structure complements or ensures. sperm a.______________________________________________ b.______________________________________________	back 24 sperm- a) flagella b) allows the cell to be mobile

front 25 For each of the following cell types, list (a) one important structural characteristic observed in the laboratory, and (b) the function that the structure complements or ensures. smooth muscle a.________________________________________________ b.________________________________________________	back 25 smooth muscle- a) has a fusiform shape b) allows the muscle to tense and relax.
front 26 For each of the following cell types, list (a) one important structural characteristic observed in the laboratory, and (b) the function that the structure complements or ensures. red blood cells a._______________________________________________ b._______________________________________________	back 26 red blood cells- a) biconcave shape b) allows more surface area for efficient gas transfer.
front 27 What is the significance of the red blood cell being anucleate (without a nucleus)?	back 27 The red blood cell(rbc) does not have a nucleus. The lack of a nucleus enables the rbc to have more room to contain haemoglobin which increases its efficiency to carrying oxygen.
front 28 Red Blood Cell: Did it ever have a nucleus? If so, when?	back 28 They did have a nucleus . When they are formed in the bone-marrow, they contain a nucleus, but when the become mature it is replaced by haemoglobin in order to carry more oxygen.

front 29 Of the four cells observed microscopically (squamous epithelial cells, red blood cells, smooth muscle cells, and sperm) which has the smallest diameter? ________ Which is longest? _________	back 29 smallest: RBC Longest: smooth muscle cell
front 30 Identify the phase of mitosis in the following photomicrograph.	back 30 METAPHASE
front 31 Identify the phase of mitosis in the following photomicrograph.	back 31 ANAPHASE
front 32 Identify the phase of mitosis in the following photomicrograph.	back 32 PROPHASE

front 33 What is the importance of mitotic cell division?	back 33 The importance of mitotic cell division is to make a greater amount of cells for repair and growth while maintaining the same genetic makeup
front 34 Division of the __1__ is referred to as mitosis. Cytokinesis is division of the __2__. The major structural difference between chromatin and chromosomes is that the latter are __3__. Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers by undivided structures called __4__.	back 34 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Coiled/Condensed/Shortened 4. Centromeres
front 35 If a cell undergoes mitosis but not cytokinesis, the product is __5__. The structure that acts as a scaffolding for chromosomal attachment and movement is called the __6__. __7__ is the period of cell life when the cell is not involved in division. Two cell populations in the body that do not routinely undergo cell division are __8__ and __9__.	back 35 5. A binucleate cell or multinucleated cell 6. Spindle 7. Interphase 8. Skeletal 9. Cardiac
front 36 prophase	back 36 Chromatin coils and condenses, forming chromosomes.

front 37 anaphase	back 37 The chromosomes are v-shaped.
front 38 telophase	back 38 The nuclear envelope re-forms.
front 39 telophase	back 39 Chromosomes stop moving toward the poles.
front 40 metaphase	back 40 Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

front 41 prophase	back 41 The nuclear envelope fragments.
front 42 prophase	back 42 The mitotic spindle forms.
front 43 interphase	back 43 DNA synthesis occurs.
front 44 interphase	back 44 Centrioles replicate.

front 45 prophase	back 45 Chromosomes first appear to be duplex structures.
front 46 prophase	back 46 Chromosomal centromeres are attached to the kinetochore fibers.
front 47 metaphase	back 47 Cleavage furrow forms.
front 48 metaphase and anaphase	back 48 The nuclear envelope is absent.

front 49

What is the physical advantage of the chromatin coiling and condensing to form short chromosomes at the onset of mitosis?

back 49

Short, compact bodies easier to manipulate during mitosis rather than long, thin chromatin threads.