front 1 Functions of Respiratory System | back 1 Supply body with oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide. |
front 2 Major Processes of Respiratory System | back 2 Pulmonary Ventilation & External Respiration |
front 3 Pulmonary Ventilation | back 3 Movement of oxygen from lung air to blood. |
front 4 External Respiration | back 4 Movement of oxygen from lung air to blood & movement of carbon oxygen from blood to lung air |
front 5 Conducting Zone of Respiratory System | back 5 condiuts/passageways for air to reach sites for gas exchange.
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front 6 Respiratory Zone | back 6 Actual sites of gas exchange
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front 7 Nose and Nasal Cavity | back 7 Provides airway for respiration
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front 8 External Nose | back 8 Root (frontal bone)
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front 9 Nasal Cavity | back 9 Extends from nares (nostrils) to choanae (opening to pharynx). Floor of cavity is hard palate (anterior), muscular soft palate (posterior). Hairs extend into nasal vestibule to filter coarse particles from entering air. |
front 10 Olfactory Mucosa | back 10 Mucous membrane lining superior region; has smell recptors |
front 11 Respiratory Mucosa | back 11 Lines remainder of nasal cavity.
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front 12 Conchae | back 12 Superior, Middle, Inferior protrusions that create turbulence in inspired air |
front 13 Pharynx | back 13 Throat |
front 14 Common passage way of the Pharynx | back 14 Respiratory Passageway = nasal cavity to larynx
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front 15 Regions of the Pharrnx | back 15 Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
front 16 Larynx | back 16 Connects pharynx to trachea. |
front 17 Function of Larynx | back 17 Controls passage of air and food to proper channels |
front 18 Epiglottis | back 18 Spoon shaped elastic cartilage extending from posterior tongue to anterior rim of thyroid cartilage.
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front 19 Glottis | back 19 Opening between vocal folds, lets air pass through to trachea |
front 20 Trachea | back 20 Flexible tube from larynx inferiorly branching into two main bronchi. Has sensory receptors that detect foreign particles and has a cough reflex.
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front 21 Layers of Trachea | back 21 1. Mucosa
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front 22 Mucosa | back 22 Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells and sweeps mucus |
front 23 Submucosa | back 23 CT layer around mucosa |
front 24 Cartilage | back 24 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage around anterior and side
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front 25 Adventitia | back 25 Outermost layer of CT |
front 26 Main Right and Left Bronchi | back 26 Division of Trachea, each enters respective lung at hilum
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front 27 Carina | back 27 Ridge formed by most inferior tracheal cartilage
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front 28 Lobar Bronchi | back 28 Three in right lung and two in the left lung
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front 29 Segmental Bronchi | back 29 Branching of lobar/secondary bronchi |
front 30 Bronchiles | back 30 Passageways less than 1 mm diameter |
front 31 Respiratory Bronchioles | back 31 Beginning of Respiratory Zone- where gas exchange occurs |
front 32 Alveolar Ducts | back 32 Rings of smooth muscle cells and CT fibers |
front 33 Alveolar Sacs | back 33 Clusters of alveoli attached to alveolar ducts |
front 34 Alveoli | back 34 Microscopic air-filled chambers at end of bronchial tree
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front 35 Respiratory Membrane | back 35 In respiratory zone, layers through which gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion composed of wall of alveolus and wall of pulmonary capillary |
front 36 Alveolar Walls | back 36 Mostly simple squamous epithelium (type I cells)
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front 37 Alveolar Pores | back 37 Openings between adjacent alveoli
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front 38 Lungs | back 38 Mostly air-filled spaces and elastic CT |
front 39 Where are the lungs located? | back 39 Right and left lungs are suspended in their own subcavities within thoracic cavity |
front 40 Apex | back 40 Just deep to clavicle |
front 41 Base | back 41 Just superior to diaphram |
front 42 Hilum | back 42 Indentation on mediastinal aspect of each lung
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front 43 How many lobes do the lungs have? | back 43 The left lung has 2 lobes and the right lungs have 3 lobes. Lobes are separated by fissures. |
front 44 Blood Circulation of Lungs | back 44 Pulmonary & Bronchial |
front 45 Pulmonary Circulation | back 45 Gas exchange. Carbon dioxide from blood to lung air and oxygen from lung to blood. |
front 46 Pulmonary Plexus | back 46 Sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers
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front 47 Parasympathetic Fibers | back 47 Cause smooth muscle constriction of bronchiole tubes |
front 48 Sympathetic Fibers | back 48 Release neurotransmitters that cause bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of tubes |
front 49 Pleurae | back 49 Thin, double-layer of serous membranes |
front 50 Parietal Pleura | back 50 Lines inside of thoracic cavity and superior diaphram |
front 51 Pleural Cavity | back 51 Space between parietal & visceral pleurae, filled with pleural fluid (lubricating) |
front 52 Visceral Pleura | back 52 Lines the outer surface of lungs |
front 53 Pressures | back 53 Atmospheric Pressure = 760 mmHg (at sea level)
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front 54 Intrapleural Pressure | back 54 Negative pressure always less than atmospheric pressure and is needed to keep lungs from collapsing. |
front 55 Muscular Activity | back 55 Volume changes for breathing. Diaphragm contracts and flattens inferiorly. External intercostals contract to expand rib cage. Internal intercostals contract to contract rib cage for forced exhalation. |
front 56 Recoil of Lungs | back 56 Elasticity of lung tissue allow passive exhalation:
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front 57 Surfactant | back 57 Amphiphilic/amphipathic, detergent like molecule
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front 58 How to you treat premature babies who lack sufficient surfactant? | back 58 Inhaling it |
front 59 Tidal Volume | back 59 About 500 mL, during quiet breathing |
front 60 Inspiratory Reserve | back 60 About 3100 mL, amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhale |
front 61 Expiratory Reserve | back 61 About 1200 mL, amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhale |
front 62 Residual Volume | back 62 About 1200 mL, volume of air that cannot be exhaled |
front 63 Spirometer | back 63 Instrument for measuring lung volumes and capacities |
front 64 Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | back 64 increased airway resistance |
front 65 Restrictive Disorders | back 65 Reduction in lung capacity |
front 66 Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) | back 66 Deep breath, then forcefully exhale as quickly as possible |
front 67 Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) | back 67 Amount of air expelled within a particular time interval of FVC test |
front 68 Dead Space | back 68 Some inspired air only gets into conducting zone, not reach respiratory zone, so not participate in gas exchange |
front 69 Anatomical Dead Space | back 69 Volume of conducting zone (about 150mL) |
front 70 Alveolar Dead Space | back 70 Volume from alveoli that do not have gas exchange |
front 71 Minute Ventilation Rate (MVR) | back 71 =(TV)(breaths per minute) |
front 72 Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR) | back 72 =(TV - DeadSpace)(breaths per minute) |
front 73 Lung Compliance | back 73 Measure of ease with which lungs expand |
front 74 Alveolar Gas Exchange/External Respiration | back 74 Blood in capillaries exchanges gases with air in alveoli |
front 75 Gas Transport | back 75 About 98% of oxygen pick up in lungs is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
front 76 Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve | back 76 Unloading of oxygen from Hb to tissues influenced by tissue pressure of oxygen |
front 77 Medullary Respiratory Centers | back 77 Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) & Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
front 78 Ventral Respiratory Group | back 78 Network of neurons in ventral brainstem that extends from pons-medulla to spinal cord and seems to be the rhythm-generating center |
front 79 Inspiratory Neurons Fire | back 79 Impulses travel along phrenic nerve & intercostal nerves |
front 80 Expiratory Neurons Fire | back 80 Inspiratory outputs stops |
front 81 Dorsal Respiratory Group | back 81 Neurons intergrate input from peripheral stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, relays info to influence VRG activity |
front 82 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | back 82 Any disorder in which there is long-term obstructive of airflow and substantial reduction of pulmonary ventilation. |
front 83 Asthma | back 83 Most common chronic illness in children (around 5000 deaths per year of all ages and rising) |
front 84 Allergic Asthma | back 84 Allergen exposure, release of imflammatory chemicals from mast cells |
front 85 Non-Allergic Asthma | back 85 Triggered by things such as infections, pollutants, cold air, excercise, emotions |
front 86 Symptoms of of Asthma | back 86 Bronchiole spasms, mucus buildup, severe coughing, wheezing, sometime suffocation, and later on tissue damage |
front 87 Emphysema | back 87 -Destruction of alveolar walls -> larger, but fewer alveoli
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