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87 notecards = 22 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Respiratory System

front 1

Functions of Respiratory System

back 1

Supply body with oxygen and dispose carbon dioxide.

front 2

Major Processes of Respiratory System

back 2

Pulmonary Ventilation & External Respiration

front 3

Pulmonary Ventilation

back 3

Movement of oxygen from lung air to blood.

front 4

External Respiration

back 4

Movement of oxygen from lung air to blood & movement of carbon oxygen from blood to lung air

front 5

Conducting Zone of Respiratory System

back 5

condiuts/passageways for air to reach sites for gas exchange.
-Nose
-Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi & Branches

front 6

Respiratory Zone

back 6

Actual sites of gas exchange
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

front 7

Nose and Nasal Cavity

back 7

Provides airway for respiration
-moisten entering air
-warms entering air
-filters entering air
-houses olfactory receptors

front 8

External Nose

back 8

Root (frontal bone)
Bridge (Nasal Bone)
Septal, Lateral, Alar Cartilages (Hyaline)
Alae (Dense Connective Tissue

front 9

Nasal Cavity

back 9

Extends from nares (nostrils) to choanae (opening to pharynx). Floor of cavity is hard palate (anterior), muscular soft palate (posterior). Hairs extend into nasal vestibule to filter coarse particles from entering air.

front 10

Olfactory Mucosa

back 10

Mucous membrane lining superior region; has smell recptors

front 11

Respiratory Mucosa

back 11

Lines remainder of nasal cavity.
-ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-goblet cells with mucous and serous glands
-mucus has lysozyme and defensins that trap dirt and kill bacteria

front 12

Conchae

back 12

Superior, Middle, Inferior protrusions that create turbulence in inspired air

front 13

Pharynx

back 13

Throat

front 14

Common passage way of the Pharynx

back 14

Respiratory Passageway = nasal cavity to larynx
Digestive Passageway = oral cavity to esophagus

front 15

Regions of the Pharrnx

back 15

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

front 16

Larynx

back 16

Connects pharynx to trachea.

front 17

Function of Larynx

back 17

Controls passage of air and food to proper channels

front 18

Epiglottis

back 18

Spoon shaped elastic cartilage extending from posterior tongue to anterior rim of thyroid cartilage.
-covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing...prevents food from trachea

front 19

Glottis

back 19

Opening between vocal folds, lets air pass through to trachea

front 20

Trachea

back 20

Flexible tube from larynx inferiorly branching into two main bronchi. Has sensory receptors that detect foreign particles and has a cough reflex.
-cleans, warms, moistens passing air

front 21

Layers of Trachea

back 21

1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Cartilage
4. Adventitia

front 22

Mucosa

back 22

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells and sweeps mucus

front 23

Submucosa

back 23

CT layer around mucosa

front 24

Cartilage

back 24

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage around anterior and side
-allows flexing and prevents collapse of tube lumen

front 25

Adventitia

back 25

Outermost layer of CT

front 26

Main Right and Left Bronchi

back 26

Division of Trachea, each enters respective lung at hilum
PRIMARY

front 27

Carina

back 27

Ridge formed by most inferior tracheal cartilage
-radiological landmark that seperates right and left main bronchi
-sensitive to mechanical stimulation, powerful cough reflex.

front 28

Lobar Bronchi

back 28

Three in right lung and two in the left lung
-supply each lobe of lungs
SECONDARY

front 29

Segmental Bronchi

back 29

Branching of lobar/secondary bronchi

front 30

Bronchiles

back 30

Passageways less than 1 mm diameter

front 31

Respiratory Bronchioles

back 31

Beginning of Respiratory Zone- where gas exchange occurs

front 32

Alveolar Ducts

back 32

Rings of smooth muscle cells and CT fibers

front 33

Alveolar Sacs

back 33

Clusters of alveoli attached to alveolar ducts

front 34

Alveoli

back 34

Microscopic air-filled chambers at end of bronchial tree
-walls are simple squamous epithelium
-external surface intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries
-main sites of gas exchange

front 35

Respiratory Membrane

back 35

In respiratory zone, layers through which gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion composed of wall of alveolus and wall of pulmonary capillary

front 36

Alveolar Walls

back 36

Mostly simple squamous epithelium (type I cells)
-also has type II cells (cuboidal cells secreting surfactant fluid)
-many macrophages that digest debris & bacteria
-surrounded by elastic fibers
-have alveolar pores

front 37

Alveolar Pores

back 37

Openings between adjacent alveoli
-allow equalization of inflation

front 38

Lungs

back 38

Mostly air-filled spaces and elastic CT

front 39

Where are the lungs located?

back 39

Right and left lungs are suspended in their own subcavities within thoracic cavity

front 40

Apex

back 40

Just deep to clavicle

front 41

Base

back 41

Just superior to diaphram

front 42

Hilum

back 42

Indentation on mediastinal aspect of each lung
-site entry of main bronchus to each lung
-also entry of pulmonary blood vessels and systemic blood vessels

front 43

How many lobes do the lungs have?

back 43

The left lung has 2 lobes and the right lungs have 3 lobes. Lobes are separated by fissures.

front 44

Blood Circulation of Lungs

back 44

Pulmonary & Bronchial

front 45

Pulmonary Circulation

back 45

Gas exchange. Carbon dioxide from blood to lung air and oxygen from lung to blood.

front 46

Pulmonary Plexus

back 46

Sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers
-enter at hilum and run along bronchial tree with blood vessels

front 47

Parasympathetic Fibers

back 47

Cause smooth muscle constriction of bronchiole tubes

front 48

Sympathetic Fibers

back 48

Release neurotransmitters that cause bronchiole smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of tubes

front 49

Pleurae

back 49

Thin, double-layer of serous membranes

front 50

Parietal Pleura

back 50

Lines inside of thoracic cavity and superior diaphram

front 51

Pleural Cavity

back 51

Space between parietal & visceral pleurae, filled with pleural fluid (lubricating)

front 52

Visceral Pleura

back 52

Lines the outer surface of lungs

front 53

Pressures

back 53

Atmospheric Pressure = 760 mmHg (at sea level)
Pulmonary Pressure/Alveolar Pressure = Atomspheric Pressure (after equilibration)
Intrapleural Pressure = about 3-4 mmHg less than Atmospheric Pressure

front 54

Intrapleural Pressure

back 54

Negative pressure always less than atmospheric pressure and is needed to keep lungs from collapsing.

front 55

Muscular Activity

back 55

Volume changes for breathing. Diaphragm contracts and flattens inferiorly. External intercostals contract to expand rib cage. Internal intercostals contract to contract rib cage for forced exhalation.

front 56

Recoil of Lungs

back 56

Elasticity of lung tissue allow passive exhalation:
1. elastic fibers around alveoli
2. surface tension of fluid lining inside of alveolar walls

front 57

Surfactant

back 57

Amphiphilic/amphipathic, detergent like molecule
-secreted by Type II alveolar cells
-decreases surface tension of fluid
-saves from having to reinflate alveoli

front 58

How to you treat premature babies who lack sufficient surfactant?

back 58

Inhaling it

front 59

Tidal Volume

back 59

About 500 mL, during quiet breathing

front 60

Inspiratory Reserve

back 60

About 3100 mL, amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhale

front 61

Expiratory Reserve

back 61

About 1200 mL, amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhale

front 62

Residual Volume

back 62

About 1200 mL, volume of air that cannot be exhaled

front 63

Spirometer

back 63

Instrument for measuring lung volumes and capacities

front 64

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

back 64

increased airway resistance

front 65

Restrictive Disorders

back 65

Reduction in lung capacity

front 66

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

back 66

Deep breath, then forcefully exhale as quickly as possible

front 67

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

back 67

Amount of air expelled within a particular time interval of FVC test

front 68

Dead Space

back 68

Some inspired air only gets into conducting zone, not reach respiratory zone, so not participate in gas exchange

front 69

Anatomical Dead Space

back 69

Volume of conducting zone (about 150mL)

front 70

Alveolar Dead Space

back 70

Volume from alveoli that do not have gas exchange

front 71

Minute Ventilation Rate (MVR)

back 71

=(TV)(breaths per minute)

front 72

Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

back 72

=(TV - DeadSpace)(breaths per minute)

front 73

Lung Compliance

back 73

Measure of ease with which lungs expand

front 74

Alveolar Gas Exchange/External Respiration

back 74

Blood in capillaries exchanges gases with air in alveoli

front 75

Gas Transport

back 75

About 98% of oxygen pick up in lungs is transported by hemoglobin in red blood cells.

front 76

Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

back 76

Unloading of oxygen from Hb to tissues influenced by tissue pressure of oxygen

front 77

Medullary Respiratory Centers

back 77

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) & Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

front 78

Ventral Respiratory Group

back 78

Network of neurons in ventral brainstem that extends from pons-medulla to spinal cord and seems to be the rhythm-generating center

front 79

Inspiratory Neurons Fire

back 79

Impulses travel along phrenic nerve & intercostal nerves

front 80

Expiratory Neurons Fire

back 80

Inspiratory outputs stops

front 81

Dorsal Respiratory Group

back 81

Neurons intergrate input from peripheral stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, relays info to influence VRG activity

front 82

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

back 82

Any disorder in which there is long-term obstructive of airflow and substantial reduction of pulmonary ventilation.

front 83

Asthma

back 83

Most common chronic illness in children (around 5000 deaths per year of all ages and rising)

front 84

Allergic Asthma

back 84

Allergen exposure, release of imflammatory chemicals from mast cells

front 85

Non-Allergic Asthma

back 85

Triggered by things such as infections, pollutants, cold air, excercise, emotions

front 86

Symptoms of of Asthma

back 86

Bronchiole spasms, mucus buildup, severe coughing, wheezing, sometime suffocation, and later on tissue damage

front 87

Emphysema

back 87

-Destruction of alveolar walls -> larger, but fewer alveoli
-Lungs lose elasticity -> become over-compliant
-Inspiration OK; expiration requires much work
-Air passages tend to collapse & trap air
-Highly inflated lungs -> barrel-chested -> stretched inspiratory muscles