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Chapter 12 A&P

front 1

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______.

the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin
the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex
the stroke caused damage to Joe's left premotor cortex
based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

back 1

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

front 2

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______.

primary somatosensory cortex
auditory association area
somatosensory association cortex
None of the listed responses is correct.

back 2

None of the listed responses is correct.

front 3

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.

parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
premotor cortex

back 3

frontal lobe

front 4

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival?

suprachiasmatic nucleus
autonomic control center
temperature control center
thirst center

back 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus

front 5

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

True
False

back 5

t

front 6

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

True
False

back 6

f

front 7

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

True
False

back 7

t

front 8

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

True
False

back 8

t

front 9

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

True
False

back 9

t

front 10

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.

True
False

back 10

f

front 11

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

True
False

back 11

t

front 12

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

True
False

back 12

f

front 13

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

True
False

back 13

t

front 14

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

True
False

back 14

t

front 15

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

True
False

back 15

f

front 16

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

True
False

back 16

t

front 17

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________.

midbrain
pons
cerebrum
medulla

back 17

pons

front 18

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

flocculonodular nodes
the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum
cerebellar white matter
cerebellar gray matter

back 18

cerebellar white matter

front 19

The brain stem consists of the ________.

cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla
midbrain only
midbrain, medulla, and pons
pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain

back 19

midbrain, medulla, and pons

front 20

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.

parietal lobe
temporal lobe
prefrontal lobe
frontal lobe

back 20

temporal lobe

front 21

What cells line the ventricles of the brain?

epithelial cells
astrocytes
neurons
ependymal cells

back 21

ependymal cells

front 22

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla
midbrain
cerebrum
pons

back 22

medulla

front 23

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure
parieto-occipital fissure
central fissure

back 23

longitudinal fissure

front 24

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

visceral command center
decussation center
executive suite
motor command center

back 24

executive suite

front 25

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.

gyrus
sulcus
furrow
fissure

back 25

sulcus

front 26

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?

The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.
Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.
The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
No functional area of the cortex works alone.

back 26

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

front 27

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

temporal from parietal
frontal from parietal
frontal from temporal
parietal from occipital

back 27

frontal from parietal

front 28

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?

unmyelinated axons
cell bodies
fiber tracts
dendrites

back 28

fiber tracts

front 29

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?

initiating protective reflex actions
inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements
regulating attention and cognition
controlling starting and stopping movements

back 29

initiating protective reflex actions

front 30

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

ganglia
gyri
fissures
sulci

back 30

gyri

front 31

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus
central sulcus
cranial fossa
longitudinal fissure

back 31

lateral sulcus

front 32

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

supplementary and cerebellar-pontine
pyramidal and corticospinal
segmental and nigrostriatal
extrapyramidal and rubrospinal

back 32

pyramidal and corticospinal

front 33

Broca's area ________.

is considered a motor speech area
corresponds to Brodmann's area 8
serves the recognition of complex objects
is usually found in the right hemisphere

back 33

is considered a motor speech area

front 34

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

prefrontal cortex
limbic association area
posterior association area
combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

back 34

prefrontal cortex

front 35

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

alcohol
nutrients such as glucose
anesthetics
metabolic waste such as urea

back 35

metabolic waste such as urea

front 36

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________.

cingulate gyrus
caudate nucleus
hippocampus
amygdaloid nucleus

back 36

caudate nucleus

front 37

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

thalamus
limbic system
reticular formation
pyramids

back 37

reticular formation

front 38

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________.

loss of proprioception
loss of body temperature control
pathologic sleep
production of excessive quantities of urine

back 38

loss of proprioception

front 39

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

superior colliculi
vestibular nuclei
reticular nuclei
red nuclei

back 39

vestibular nuclei

front 40

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.

Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
spinal cord disease
cerebellar disease

back 40

Parkinson's disease

front 41

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

red nuclei
gustatory cortex
postcentral gyrus
Wernicke's area

back 41

red nuclei

front 42

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________.

corticospinal tracts
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
outer portion of the spinal cord

back 42

cerebral cortex

front 43

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

spinal cord
rubrospinal tracts
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex

back 43

premotor cortex

front 44

Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex?

A
B
C
D

back 44

D

front 45

Region A includes which of the following?

Pre-frontal cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Broca's area
Primary motor cortex

back 45

Pre-frontal cortex

front 46

The groove indicated by C is the _____________.

central sulcus
post-central gyrus
longitudinal fissure
transverse fissue

back 46

central sulcus

front 47

Which of the following is NOT associated with region B?

conscious control of skeletal muscles
origin of corticospinal tracts
cell bodies of pyramidal neurons
post-central gyrus

back 47

post-central gyrus

front 48

The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in which functions?

The control centers for homeostatic and endocrine functions.
The production and interpretation of language.
The generation of emotional responses.
The storage of motor patterns for skilled movements of skeletal muscles.

back 48

The production and interpretation of language.

front 49

The letter A in the above figure represents which of the following structures?

medulla
thalamus
midbrain
hypothalamus

back 49

thalamus

front 50

What structure is indicated by B?

association fibers
lateral ventricles
pyramidal tracts
corpus callosum

back 50

corpus callosum

front 51

Which of the following describes the specific projection fibers indicated by C?

upper motor neurons
third-order sensory neurons
lower motor neurons
first-order sensory neurons

back 51

upper motor neurons

front 52

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.

True
False

back 52

t

front 53

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi.

True
False

back 53

f

front 54

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.

True
False

back 54

f

front 55

Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"?

lentiform nucleus
suprachiastmatic nucleus
dorsomedial nucleus
subthalamic nucleus

back 55

suprachiastmatic nucleus

front 56

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.

cranial nerves would not form
telencephalon would cease development
hindbrain would not be present
spinal cord may be affected

back 56

spinal cord may be affected

front 57

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.
Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.
Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
Damage to the primary visual cortex results in functional blindness.

back 57

Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and reflexes.

front 58

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

visceral sensory area
gustatory cortex
vestibular cortex
olfactory cortex

back 58

visceral sensory area

front 59

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity?

cerebral cortex
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem

back 59

cerebral cortex

front 60

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system?

diencephalic and brain stem structures
cerebral and diencephalic structures
cerebral and brain stem structures
diencephalic and mesencephalic structures

back 60

cerebral and diencephalic structures

front 61

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

association fibers
internal capsules
projection fibers
commissures

back 61

commissures

front 62

Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus
mesencephalon
hypothalamus
pons

back 62

thalamus

front 63

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

relay station for the special senses
visceral control center of the body
somatic motor control center
gateway to the cerebellum

back 63

visceral control center of the body

front 64

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning?

medulla oblongata
midbrain
pons
reticular formation

back 64

medulla oblongata

front 65

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur?

diencephalon
pons
thalamus
cerebellum

back 65

cerebellum

front 66

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure?

diencephalon
cerebrum
medulla oblongata
midbrain

back 66

midbrain

front 67

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.
Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.
Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri.

back 67

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

front 68

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex?

visual areas
sensory areas
association areas
motor areas

back 68

visual areas

front 69

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement?

Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field
primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas
primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex

back 69

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

front 70

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination?

vestibular cortex
gustatory cortex
Broca's area
primary somatosensory cortex

back 70

primary somatosensory cortex

front 71

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes?

primary visual cortex
frontal eye field
visual association area
gustatory cortex

back 71

frontal eye field

front 72

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________.

reticular formation
substantia nigra
basal nuclei
hypothalamic nuclei

back 72

substantia nigra

front 73

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

regulation of body temperature
emotional responses
regulation of food intake
secretion of the hormone melatonin

back 73

secretion of the hormone melatonin

front 74

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state.

Sleep apnea
Epilepsy
Narcolepsy
Syncope

back 74

Narcolepsy

front 75

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________.

do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly
do not understand language
can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak
can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

back 75

can understand language, but have difficulty speaking

front 76

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

periosteal layer of the dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater
meningeal layer of the dura mater

back 76

pia mater

front 77

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons.

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.
First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

back 77

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion.

front 78

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______.

pyramidal tracts
primary motor cortex
thalamus
medulla oblongata

back 78

thalamus

front 79

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep?

absence of brain waves ("flat EEG")
irreversible brain damage
continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons
All of the listed responses are correct.

back 79

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons

front 80

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode?

increased heart rate
REM sleep
increased oxygen use
increased gastrointestinal activity

back 80

increased gastrointestinal activity

front 81

In anterograde amnesia ______.

there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex
LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted
communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected
declarative memory is not significantly altered

back 81

LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted

front 82

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

True
False

back 82

T

front 83

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

True
False

back 83

F

front 84

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

True
False

back 84

True

front 85

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

True
False

back 85

F

front 86

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

declarative
motor
emotional
procedural

back 86

procedural

front 87

Declarative memory ________.

is hard to unlearn when learned once
is the ability to learn specific information
usually involves motor skills
is best remembered in the doing

back 87

is the ability to learn specific information

front 88

Which statement is not true?

Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age.
Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep.
Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night.

back 88

Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

front 89

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?

Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling.
During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.
The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.

back 89

Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.

front 90

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?

Beta
Theta
Delta
Alpha

back 90

Theta

front 91

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

long-term memory
rehearsal
automatic memory
Association

back 91

Association

front 92

REM sleep is associated with ________.

decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex
decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex
temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm
decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure

back 92

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

front 93

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory?

medulla
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
thalamus

back 93

medulla

front 94

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma is neurologically identical to syncope.
Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.
Coma is a form of deep sleep.
During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state.

back 94

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

front 95

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures.

The pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid
The dura mater
The blood-brain barrier

back 95

Cerebrospinal fluid

front 96

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear and that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration).

Alzheimer's disease
mad cow disease
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease

back 96

Alzheimer's disease

front 97

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain?

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
arachnoid villi

back 97

pia mater

front 98

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

True
False

back 98

False

front 99

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

True
False

back 99

T

front 100

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and dura
arachnoid and epidura
arachnoid and pia
dura and epidura

back 100

arachnoid and pia

front 101

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

glucose
protein
red blood cells
potassium

back 101

red blood cells

front 102

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?

reduction of brain weight
initiation of some nerve impulses
protection from blows
nourishment of the brain

back 102

initiation of some nerve impulses

front 103

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

swelling
hemorrhage
concussion
contusion

back 103

concussion

front 104

What CNS associated structure is illustrated in this figure?

back 104

choroid plexus

front 105

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

arachnoid mater
membranous part of the dura mater
periosteal part of the dura mater
pia mater

back 105

arachnoid mater

front 106

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex.

True
False

back 106

True

front 107

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language.

True
False

back 107

True

front 108

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus?

fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
pia mater
subarachnoid space

back 108

pia mater

front 109

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

lower motor neurons
upper motor neurons
neuromotor junction
spinal nerve roots

back 109

upper motor neurons

front 110

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

lateral geniculate body
calcarine cortex
visual association area
primary visual area

back 110

visual association area

front 111

Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?

She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion.
She will show wild, jerky, and continuously "flapping" movements, and mental deterioration.
She will show a persistent tremor, forward-bent walking posture, shuffling gait, and stiff facial expression.
She will show difficulty in communicating, forming relationships with others, and responding appropriately to the environment.
She will show visual disturbances, problems controlling muscles, speech disturbances, and urinary incontinence.

back 111

She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion.

front 112

A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data, what part of the brain was injured?

There was damage to localized areas of the premotor cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere.
There was damage to localized areas of the prefrontal cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere.
There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.
There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere.
There was damage to localized areas of the premotor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

back 112

here was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

front 113

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living?

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
cerebellum

back 113

cerebellum

front 114

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM).

True
False

back 114

T

front 115

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

True
False

back 115

T

front 116

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

True
False

back 116

T

front 117

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

True
False

back 117

T

front 118

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

terminate in the spinal cord
give rise to conscious experience of perception
are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

back 118

carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

front 119

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

sympathetic ganglia
the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
the thalamus

back 119

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

front 120

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.

posterior spinothalamic
anterior spinothalamic
lateral spinothalamic
reticulospinal

back 120

lateral spinothalamic

front 121

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
myelinated nerve fibers only
soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
unmyelinated nerve fibers only

back 121

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

front 122

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

spinal shock only
quadriplegia
hemiplegia
paraplegia

back 122

paraplegia

front 123

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.

somatosensory cortex
medulla
thalamus
spinal cord

back 123

thalamus

front 124

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?

When the impulses to the ciliated cells are inhibited, the ciliary escalator no longer functions, causing respiratory infection.
The reflexes in the respiratory system for expelling particles will no longer function due to damage to the dorsal horn motor neurons, causing respiratory infection.
It is actually more common for the person to die from paralysis of the muscles controlling breathing than from respiratory infection.
When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

back 124

When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

front 125

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)?

somatotopy
memory
decussation
relay

back 125

memory

front 126

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal?

lumbar enlargement
cervical enlargement
conus medullaris
cauda equina

back 126

cauda equina

front 127

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.

True
False

back 127

F

front 128

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus?

cauda equina
roots of sacral spinal nerves
sacrum
laminae of thoracic vertebrae

back 128

laminae of thoracic vertebrae

front 129

In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop.

True
False

back 129

F

front 130

What process is indicated by the arrow on the right?

back 130

formation of cerebro-spinal fluid

front 131

Where is the illustrated structure located?

back 131

in each ventricle

front 132

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure?

back 132

ependymal cells

front 133

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can be described by which of the following?

back 133

third-order sensory neurons

front 134

Which of the following accurately describes the collection of spinal cord tracts illustrated in the figure?

back 134

ascending tracts

front 135

Which of the following describes the nerve fibers indicated by the letter A?

back 135

first-order sensory neurons

front 136

What type of receptor is indicated by the letter B?

back 136

proprioceptor

front 137

What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C?

back 137

coordination of skeletal muscle movements

front 138

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter D will terminate in the ______.

back 138

thalamus

front 139

What descending pathway originates at the position indicated by the leader line?

back 139

pyramidal tracts

front 140

Many of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following?

back 140

medulla

front 141

The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions?

back 141

conscious control of skeletal muscle