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Chapter 11

front 1 What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration? central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system	back 1 central nervous system
front 2 Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system? control the activity of muscles and glands monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body regulation of neurogenesis integration of sensory input	back 2 regulation of neurogenesis
front 3 Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system the somatic nervous system the afferent division of the nervous system	back 3 the somatic nervous system
front 4 Cold sores on the skin of the mouth occur when herpes simplex viruses that are dormant in neural ganglia become active and travel to the skin of the mouth. Which of the following is the mechanism by which these viruses travel from the ganglia (located within the head) to the skin of the mouth? transport along nerve impulses that travel down the axons anterograde transport retrograde transport travel of the viruses along neurofibrils	back 4 anterograde transport

front 5 Which of the neuroglial cell types shown is the most abundant in the CNS?	back 5 B
front 6 Which of the neuroglial cell types shown control the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the CNS?	back 6 D
front 7 Which of the neuroglial cell types shown form myelin sheaths within the CNS?	back 7 A
front 8 Which of the neuroglial cell types shown are found in the PNS?	back 8 E

front 9 What structural classification describes the neuron associated with the neuroglia shown by E and F?	back 9 Unipolar
front 10 Destruction of which of the neuroglial cell types leads to the disease multiple scleroses (MS)?	back 10 A
front 11 Which lettered region in the figure is referred to as the soma?	back 11 B
front 12 What structural classification describes this neuron?	back 12 Mulitpolar

front 13 Which areas of this neuron would be classified as receptive regions?	back 13 Both A and B
front 14 Which area would contain an abundance of vesicles containing neurotransmitter?	back 14 E
front 15 Which neuroglia are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells? ependymal cells astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes	back 15 astrocytes
front 16 Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating a nerve impulse? chromatophilic substance soma dendrite axon	back 16 axon

front 17 Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)? sensory association afferent motor	back 17 motor
front 18 Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? ependymal cells astrocytes microglia oligodendrocytes	back 18 microglia
front 19 Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)? microglia ependymal cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes	back 19 oligodendrocytes
front 20 Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? Schwann cells satellite cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes	back 20 Schwann cells

front 21 Which of the following are bundles of neurofilaments that are important in maintaining the shape and integrity of neurons? perikaryon chromatophilic substance neurofibrils axolemma	back 21 neurofibrils
front 22 Which of the following is true of axons? Smaller (thinner) axons are more likely to bear myelin sheaths than larger (thicker) axons. Axons use chemically gated ion channels to generate graded potentials. Neurons can have multiple axons but only one dendrite. A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.	back 22 A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.
front 23 Which of the following is the conducting region of the neuron? axon dendrites terminal boutons soma	back 23 axon
front 24 Which of the following are gaps found along a myelin sheath? terminal boutons axolemma outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm nodes of Ranvier	back 24 nodes of Ranvier

front 25 Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system	back 25 the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
front 26 Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? interneurons sensory efferent multipolar	back 26 multipolar
front 27 Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons? Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body. Most association neurons are multipolar. Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Association neurons are also known as interneurons.	back 27 Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
front 28 Neurons are also called nerve cells. True False	back 28 T

front 29 Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than myelinated fibers. True False	back 29 F
front 30 In multiple sclerosis, the cells that are the target of an autoimmune attack are the _________. neurons muscle cells Schwann cells oligodendrocytes	back 30 oligodendrocytes
front 31 Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, but they do not block mechanically gated ion channels. Sensory receptors for touch (and pressure) respond to physical deformation of the receptors, resulting in the opening of specific mechanically gated ion channels. Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger still cause a loss of the sensation of touch from the finger? The local anesthetic prevents Na+ from causing the initial depolarization of this sensory receptor. The local anesthetic prevents any type of repolarization of this sensory receptor. Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor requires that there be a simultaneous opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels and mechanically gated ion channels. Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels	back 31 Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
front 32 In which area of the neuron is an action potential initially generated?	back 32 C

front 33 Which of the following membrane regions would have significant numbers of voltage-gated Na and K ion channels?	back 33 C and D
front 34 Which of the following statements is true of both membrane potential responses shown in the graphs?	back 34 Both responses are examples of graded potentials.
front 35 Which result of the stimulus applied is the likely cause of the response observed in the left graph?	back 35 opening of gated Na+ channels
front 36 Which of the following is expected to occur first if the membrane potential increase shown in the graph were to reach the threshold value indicated at -55 mV?	back 36 opening of voltage gated Na+ channels

front 37 What change in a neuron is being measured in the graph?	back 37 the voltage measured across the axon membrane at a specific point as an action potential travels past
front 38 At which point of the illustrated action potential are the most gated Na+ channels open?	back 38 B
front 39 The __________ is due to the difference in K+ and Na+ concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane, and the difference in permeability of the membrane to these ions. resting membrane potential intermittent membrane potential dendrite potential active potential	back 39 resting membrane potential
front 40 What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated? a threshold level depolarization multiple stimuli hyperpolarization a suprathreshold stimulus	back 40 a threshold level depolarization

front 41 Which of the following is NOT a difference between graded potentials and action potentials? Graded potentials can result from the opening of chemically gated channels; action potentials require the opening of voltage-gated channels. Greater stimulus intensity results in larger graded potentials, but not larger action potentials. Spatial summation is used to increase the amplitude of a graded potential; temporal summation is used to increase the amplitude of an action potential. Graded potentials occur along dendrites, whereas action potentials occur along axons.	back 41 Spatial summation is used to increase the amplitude of a graded potential; temporal summation is used to increase the amplitude of an action potential
front 42 Which of the following is a factor that determines the rate of impulse propagation, or conduction velocity, along an axon? whether the axon is located in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system degree of myelination of the axon the number of axon collaterals extending from a truncated axon length of the axon	back 42 degree of myelination of the axon
front 43 The sodium-potassium pump ejects two Na+ from the cell and then transports three K+ back into the cell in order to maintain the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium. True False	back 43 F
front 44 Which of the following is true regarding a response to an excitatory event which might occur soon after the initial stimulus indicated in the graph?	back 44 An excitatory event may result in an action potential, but this will be less likely if the excitatory stimulus occurs during the response to the stimulus observed in the graph

front 45 What event is depicted in the structure labeled A?	back 45 movement of Ca2+ into the interior of the axonal terminus through voltage-gated channels
front 46 Which of the following most accurately describes the involvement of the structure labeled B in synaptic signaling?	back 46 release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
front 47 Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effects caused by binding of the ligand shown to the structure labeled C?	back 47 The membrane potential of the postsynaptic membrane changes
front 48 The box labeled D illustrates three mechanisms by which the effects of a neurotransmitter may be terminated. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT included in the figure?	back 48 reuptake of the neurotransmitter by transport into the postsynaptic cell

front 49 Signals generated at a chemical synapse are said to move only in the direction of the presynaptic cell to the postsynaptic cell. Which of the following statements regarding the mechanisms determining this one way transmission is INCORRECT?	back 49 Ions diffusing out of the presynaptic cell can enter the postsynaptic cell, but cannot reenter the presynaptic cell.
front 50 Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? inhibitory action potential action potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential excitatory postsynaptic potential	back 50 excitatory postsynaptic potential
front 51 Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse? They are less common than chemical synapses. They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional. Transmission across these synapses is very rapid.	back 51 They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters
front 52 Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a postsynaptic membrane would produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). True False	back 52 T

front 53 Which neurotransmitter(s) is/are the body's natural pain killer? endorphins acetylcholine substance P norepinephrine	back 53 endorphins
front 54 Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall? peptides chlorides amino acids gases and lipids	back 54 chlorides
front 55 Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? diverging circuit reverberating circuit converging circuit parallel after-discharge circuit	back 55 reverberating circuit
front 56 What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? receptor integration center effector sensory neuron	back 56 integration center

front 57 Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? diverging circuits pre-discharge circuits reverberating circuits converging circuits	back 57 pre-discharge circuits
front 58 Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? diverging circuits reverberating circuits parallel after-discharge circuits converging circuits	back 58 reverberating circuits
front 59 Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? serial processing reflexive processing oscillative processing parallel processing	back 59 serial processing
front 60 Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers. True False	back 60 T

front 61 Which of the choices below describes the ANS? sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles	back 61 motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
front 62 Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions senses changes in the environment	back 62 analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
front 63 Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? innervation of skeletal muscle innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract innervation of cardiac muscle innervation of glands	back 63 innervation of skeletal muscle
front 64 The overlapping functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output. True False	back 64 T

front 65 The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary. True False	back 65 F
front 66 The term central nervous system refers to the ________. peripheral and spinal nerves brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves brain and spinal cord spinal cord and spinal nerves	back 66 brain and spinal cord
front 67 Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system. True False	back 67 T
front 68 Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocyte. True False	back 68 True

front 69 Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups. True False	back 69 T
front 70 The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons. True False	back 70 T
front 71 The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes. True False	back 71 F
front 72 Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. True False	back 72 T

front 73 f bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them. True False	back 73 T
front 74 Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? control the chemical environment around neurons provide the defense for the CNS anchor neurons to blood vessels support and brace neurons guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability	back 74 provide the defense for the CNS
front 75 What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? oligodendrocytes Schwann cells astrocytes ependymal cells	back 75 ependymal cells
front 76 Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. called neuroglial cells found in ganglia found in the retina of the eye motor neurons	back 76 found in the retina of the eye

front 77 The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. Schwann cell neurolemma axon dendrite	back 77 axon
front 78 Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. ganglia nerves nuclei tracts	back 78 ganglia
front 79 A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. afferent neuron association neuron efferent neuron glial cell	back 79 association neuron
front 80 Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. astrocytes oligodendrocytes Schwann cells microglia	back 80 astrocytes

front 81 Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. ependymal cells microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes	back 81 oligodendrocytes
front 82 Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. They have extreme longevity. They conduct impulses. They are mitotic.	back 82 They are mitotic.
front 83 The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. True False	back 83 F
front 84 During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. True False	back 84 T

front 85 Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. True False	back 85 F
front 86 A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons. True False	back 86 T
front 87 Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers. True False	back 87 T
front 88 The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. absolute refractory period repolarization resting period depolarization	back 88 absolute refractory period

front 89 Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? mechanically gated channel voltage-gated channel leakage channel ligand-gated channel	back 89 voltage-gated channel
front 90 Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. are found on "pathfinder" neurons are crucial for the development of neural connections are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters release nerve growth factor	back 90 are crucial for the development of neural connections
front 91 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. True False	back 91 T
front 92 Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone? acetylcholine endorphin serotonin nitric oxide	back 92 endorphin

front 93 What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings amplify or enhance the effect of ACh act as a transmitting agent stimulate the production of acetylcholine	back 93 destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings
front 94 Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor. True False	back 94 T
front 95 Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? nucleic acid biogenic amine ATP and other purines amino acid acetycholine	back 95 nucleic acid
front 96 The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. cholinesterase neurotransmitter ion biogenic amine	back 96 neurotransmitter

front 97 Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? acetylcholine norepinephrine cholinesterase gamma aminobutyric acid	back 97 acetylcholine
front 98 Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine. True False	back 98 T
front 99 Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? moves membrane potential away from threshold short distance hyperpolarization short distance depolarization opens K+ or Cl- channels	back 99 short distance depolarization
front 100 Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? voltage regulated repolarization long distance signaling amplitude of various sizes voltage stimulus to initiate	back 100 amplitude of various sizes

front 101 Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. erratic transmission of nerve impulses diphasic impulses the myelin sheath large nerve fibers	back 101 the myelin sheath
front 102 When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. excitatory potential postsynaptic potential generator potential action potential	back 102 generator potential
front 103 Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? They are short-lived. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. They can be called postsynaptic potentials. They can form on receptor endings.	back 103 They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
front 104 A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. all sodium gates are closed the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell proteins have been resynthesized the membrane potential has been reestablished	back 104 the membrane potential has been reestablished

front 105 In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. negatively charged and contains more sodium negatively charged and contains less sodium positively charged and contains more sodium positively charged and contains less sodium	back 105 negatively charged and contains less sodium
front 106 If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. the impulse would move to the axon terminal only muscle contraction would occur the impulse would spread bidirectionally the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur	back 106 the impulse would spread bidirectionally
front 107 A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). She asks the nurse "Why did this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Why are some forms of MS characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation? The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of potassium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume. The myelin sheaths are damaged, and repair of the myelin sheaths results in impulse propagation resuming. The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of sodium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume. The axons are damaged, and repair of the axons results in impulse propagation resuming. The axons are damaged, and repair of the myelin sheath results in impulse propagation resuming.	back 107 The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of sodium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume.
front 108 In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. True False	back 108 T

front 109 Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity. True False	back 109 T
front 110 The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane. True False	back 110 T
front 111 What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? type of stimulus receptor origin of the stimulus frequency of action potentials size of action potentials	back 111 frequency of action potentials
front 112 Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? calcium sodium chloride potassium	back 112 potassium

front 113 Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? Ions always move passively across membranes. Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration	back 113 Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
front 114 A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True False	back 114 True
front 115 An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. effector synapse receptor cell body	back 115 synapse
front 116 Which of the following is false or incorrect? A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.	back 116 A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

front 117 An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. opening of voltage-regulated channels a change in sodium ion permeability lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur hyperpolarization	back 117 hyperpolarization
front 118 Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. Specific sodium gates will open. Specific potassium gates will open. Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.	back 118 A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
front 119 Select the correct statement regarding synapses. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapases. Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.	back 119 The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.