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Chapter 13

front 1 __________ are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure. Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Mechanoreceptors	back 1 Mechanoreceptors
front 2 Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. proprioceptors interoceptors mechanoreceptors exteroceptors	back 2 exteroceptors
front 3 Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. nociceptors interoceptors proprioceptors photoreceptors	back 3 nociceptors
front 4 Which receptors adapt most slowly? smell receptors nociceptors touch receptors pressure receptors	back 4 nociceptors

front 5 Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. Meissner's corpuscles tactile discs Pacinian corpuscles hair follicle receptors	back 5 Pacinian corpuscles
front 6 Which of the receptor types above might function as a nociceptor?	back 6 A
front 7 Which of the receptor types pictured function as exteroceptors?	back 7 A,C,D,E
front 8 Which of the receptor types pictured function exclusively as proprioceptors?	back 8 B

front 9 Which of the receptor types contribute to the sense of touch by responding to deep pressure stimuli?	back 9 D
front 10 Pacinian corpuscles can be exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptor, True False	back 10 T
front 11 Which of the following is not a way that sensory receptors are classified? location in the body structural complexity sensitivity to a stimulus type of stimulus detected	back 11 sensitivity to a stimulus
front 12 Which type of sensory receptor allows us to feel an insect landing on our skin? chemoreceptor thermoreceptor mechanoreceptor nociceptor	back 12 mechanoreceptor

front 13 Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors? the number of dendritic endings present the type of stimulus they detect location structural complexity	back 13 the number of dendritic endings present
front 14 Which of the following is composed of encapsulated nerve endings? tactile discs muscle spindles free nerve endings of sensory neurons hair follicle receptors	back 14 muscle spindles
front 15 The first level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is the __________ level. receptor abstraction perceptual circuit	back 15 receptor
front 16 __________ do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation. Tonic receptors Phasic receptors Photoreceptors Sensory receptors	back 16 Tonic receptors

front 17 In the somatosensory system there are no third-order neurons in the cerebellum. True False	back 17 T
front 18 Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system? receptor perceptual circuit segmental	back 18 segmental
front 19 Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation? The stimulus energy must occur within the receptor's receptive field. The stimulus energy must match the specificity of the receptor. A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold. The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential.	back 19 The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential
front 20 Select the correct definition. Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation. Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures. Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body.	back 20 Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face.

front 21 All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. pons thalamus reticular formation medulla	back 21 thalamus
front 22 Which of the following is not an aspect of sensory perception? magnitude estimation feature abstraction visceral identification spatial discrimination pattern recognition	back 22 visceral identification
front 23 Transduction refers to conversion of ________. presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses afferent impulses to efferent impulses stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential receptor energy to stimulus energy	back 23 stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential
front 24 Three main levels of neural integration operate in the somatosensory system. Which level involves processing in the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex? circuit level receptor level perceptual level integrative level	back 24 perceptual level

front 25 Why might an individual experience the phenomenon known as "referred pain"? Because the eyes may detect an injury before it is sensed, the brain creates referred sensations of pain before there is an authentic sensory stimulus. Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers. Sensory nuclei in the thalamus become overwhelmed and send impulses to the wrong sensory cortex. When the pain associated with an injury is severe, the brain will shut down certain cognitive functions as a defense mechanism.	back 25 Visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers.
front 26 Nerves that only carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS) are called __________. afferent nerves mixed nerves motor nerves sensory nerves	back 26 motor nerves
front 27 __________ are collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Myelin sheaths Fascicles Nuclei Ganglia	back 27 Ganglia
front 28 The hyperalgesia that is common in phantom limb pain could be blocked if a new drug was developed that could prevent (without triggering any side-effects) the ______. diffusion of calcium ions through NMDA receptors release of enkephalins binding of enkephalins to NMDA receptors diffusion of enkephalins across synaptic clefts	back 28 diffusion of calcium ions through NMDA receptors

front 29 Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. motor nerves afferent nerves efferent nerves mixed nerves	back 29 afferent nerves
front 30 After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. Wallerian cells dendrites Schwann cells Golgi organs	back 30 Schwann cells
front 31 Regeneration within the CNS ________. is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes is more successful than with the PNS	back 31 is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
front 32 Select the statement that is most correct. Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers. The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure. The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.	back 32 Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.

front 33 Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds each axon in a nerve? perineurium epineurium endomysium endoneurium	back 33 endoneurium
front 34 Choose the FALSE statement about nerves. Nerve axons are surrounded by a loose connective tissue layer called the endoneurium. Nerves vary in size. Nerves consist of parallel bundles of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons. The majority of a nerve's bulk is due to axons.	back 34 The majority of a nerve's bulk is due to axons.
front 35 There are __________ pairs of cranial nerves. 6 8 10 12 14	back 35 12
front 36 The majority of the cranial nerves attach to the __________. spinal cord cerebellum. brain stem. forebrain	back 36 brain stem.

front 37 Spinal nerves are all classified as __________. mixed nerves afferent nerves sensory nerves motor nerves	back 37 mixed nerves
front 38 The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers. True False	back 38 False
front 39 The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves. True False	back 39 True
front 40 External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve. True False	back 40 T

front 41 The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve. ophthalmic maxillary mandibular cervical	back 41 cervical
front 42 Bell's palsy is ________. characterized by paralysis of facial muscles often caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve characterized by loss of vision characterized by partial paralysis of diaphragm muscles	back 42 characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
front 43 Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following? olfactory facial oculomotor trigeminal	back 43 olfactory
front 44 The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________. trochlear trigeminal glossopharyngeal facial	back 44 trochlear

front 45 Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? vestibulocochlear trigeminal abducens accessory	back 45 vestibulocochlear
front 46 A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve? accessory olfactory glossopharyngeal vagus	back 46 olfactory
front 47 A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged? glossopharyngeal facial accessory hypoglossal	back 47 facial
front 48 David, an aspiring baseball player, was struck on the left side of his face with a fastball pitch. He was not wearing a safety helmet. His zygomatic arch was crushed, as well as parts of the temporal bone. Following the accident and reconstructive surgery, he noted that his left lower eyelid was still drooping and the corner of his mouth sagged. What nerve damage did he sustain? Trigeminal nerve damage on his left side Facial nerve damage on his left side Trigeminal nerve damage on his right side Facial nerve damage on his right side Oculomotor nerve damage on his left side	back 48 Facial nerve damage on his left side

front 49 A nurse is asked about the cause of the excruciating pain of tic douloureux. How should the nurse answer? The excruciating pain is caused by damage to the optic nerve, resulting in anopsias. The excruciating pain is caused by damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve, resulting in nerve deafness. The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Pressure on the trigeminal nerve root can turn normal stimuli, like tooth brushing, into painful stimuli. The excruciating pain is caused by paralysis of the facial muscle, a condition called Bell's palsy. The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the facial nerve. The nerve is constantly transmitting pain signals to the brain.	back 49 The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Pressure on the trigeminal nerve root can turn normal stimuli, like tooth brushing, into painful stimuli.
front 50 The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers. True False	back 50 T
front 51 The cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the ________. vagus hypoglossal accessory glossopharyngeal	back 51 accessory
front 52 Which of the following cranial nerves carries only sensory information? oculomotor olfactory trigeminal abducens	back 52 olfactory

front 53 Which cranial nerve transmits information about our sense of equilibrium? abducens vagus vestibulocochlear optic	back 53 vestibulocochlear
front 54 The phrenic nerve serves the __________. shoulder neck diaphragm ear	back 54 diaphragm
front 55 In carpal tunnel syndrome, the __________ is compressed. radial nerve axillary nerve median nerve musculocutaneous nerve	back 55 median nerve
front 56 Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______. dorsal rami of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord afferent neurons of spinal nerves associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord cutaneous branches of rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord	back 56 motor branches of ventral rami associated with the C3-C5 region of the spinal cord

front 57 The brachial plexus can be palpated at the lower lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______. deltoid muscle biceps brachii muscle sternocleidomastoid muscle muscles that flex the wrist and fingers	back 57 sternocleidomastoid muscle
front 58 In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______. thumb muscles cutaneous branches of the median nerve muscular branches of the posterior cord that supply the median nerve None of the listed responses is correct.	back 58 cutaneous branches of the median nerve
front 59 Which of the following statements is true? The effects of neurotransmitters released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are always inhibitory. The effects of neurotransmitters released by somatic motor neurons may be either stimulatory or inhibitory. The effects of neurotransmitters released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons are always stimulatory. The effects of neurotransmitters released from either sympathetic or parasympathetic postganglionic neurons may be stimulatory or inhibitory.	back 59 The effects of neurotransmitters released from either sympathetic or parasympathetic postganglionic neurons may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
front 60 Which of the following is the site of the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine? terminus of a somatic motor neuron terminus of a parasympathetic postganglionic neuron within the ganglia of the sympathetic division within the ganglia of the parasympathetic division terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron	back 60 terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron

front 61 The circular structures shown within both pathways B and C represent which of the following? tracts rami nuclei ganglia	back 61 ganglia
front 62 A joint and the muscle that moves that joint tend to be innervated by different nerves. True False	back 62 F
front 63 CNS nerve fibers lack the intrinsic capacity to regenerate, while PNS nerve fibers are able to regenerate. True False	back 63 T
front 64 Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? stretch reflex plantar reflex tendon reflex crossed-extensor reflex	back 64 crossed-extensor reflex

front 65 Which reflex is important for maintaining muscle tone? flexor reflex stretch reflex tendon reflex crossed-extensor reflex	back 65 stretch reflex
front 66 Increased nerve impulse activity in the neuron labeled A will generally result in ______. the contraction of the both muscles labeled F and G the relaxation of the both muscles labeled F and G the relaxation of the muscle labeled F the relaxation of the muscle labeled G	back 66 the relaxation of the muscle labeled G
front 67 n a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. extend adduct abduct also flex	back 67 extend
front 68 A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. crossed-extensor reflex flexor reflex plantar reflex Golgi tendon reflex	back 68 Golgi tendon reflex

front 69 The patellar "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) ________. crossed-extensor reflex stretch reflex extensor thrust reflex stress reflex	back 69 stretch reflex
front 70 Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond. True False	back 70 F
front 71 A knee-jerk reflex that is unusually strong may be caused by ______. inhibition of reciprocal inhibition transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve suppression of muscle spindle activity in the lower limb enhancement of activity in the antagonistic muscles	back 71 transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve
front 72 Anatomically, all general sensory receptors are encapsulated nerve endings. True False	back 72 F

front 73 Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. autonomic only rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior always mediated by the brain	back 73 involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior
front 74 Which of the following muscles might be represented by that labeled F in the figure during the patellar (knee jerk) reflex? rectus femoris tibialis anterior soleus biceps femoris	back 74 rectus femoris
front 75 The nerve fibers labeled B and C are both classified as which of the following? alpha efferent fibers type Ia fibers type II fibers gamma efferent fibers	back 75 alpha efferent fibers
front 76 The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc? B and C A and D A and B	back 76 A and B

front 77 What is the specific function of the structure labeled E? increasing tension of the antagonistic muscle increasing tension of the surrounding muscle determination of muscle tension determination of muscle length	back 77 determination of muscle length
front 78 figure below, which letter points to an afferent neuron? A B C D	back 78 A
front 79 Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor	back 79 receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
front 80 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. True False	back 80 f

front 81 Which of the following does NOT occur as people age? Peripheral nerves die off. Reflexes occur more slowly. Sensory receptors atrophy. Muscle tone in the face and neck starts to decrease.	back 81 Peripheral nerves die off.
front 82 What parts of the brain ultimately plan and coordinate complex motor activities? cerebrum and basal nuclei cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal nuclei cerebellum and basal nuclei cerebrum and cerebellum	back 82 cerebellum and basal nuclei
front 83 The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements. True False	back 83 T
front 84 The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. stretch reflex tendon reflex flexor reflex superficial reflex	back 84 stretch reflex

front 85 Somatic reflexes activate __________. cardiac muscle glands skeletal muscle smooth muscle	back 85 skeletal muscle
front 86 Which structure is involved in the segmental level of motor control? cerebellum brain stem basal nuclei spinal cord	back 86 spinal cord
front 87 Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control? precommand level, projection level, segmental level projection level, precommand level, segmental level segmental level, projection level, precommand level segmental level, precommand level, projection level	back 87 segmental level, projection level, precommand level
front 88 The thickest and longest nerve in the body is the __________. pudendal nerve femoral nerve obturator nerve sciatic nerve	back 88 sciatic nerve

front 89 The primary nerve that controls breathing is found in which nerve plexus? sacral lumbar brachial cervical	back 89 cervical
front 90 What type of nerve fibers are found in the ventral ramus of a spinal nerve? autonomic only both sensory and motor sensory only motor only	back 90 both sensory and motor
front 91 A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________. neurofibromatosis phantom limb pain postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy sciatica	back 91 sciatica
front 92 Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome? radial median axillary ulnar	back 92 median

front 93 Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb. Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and had a tingling sensation. What could be his problem? Compression of the musculocutaneous nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis." Compression of the median nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis." Pulling on the brachial plexus is causing weakness in the muscles of his arms, and may lead to paralysis. Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis." The median nerve is being compressed, making it difficult to pick up small objects, and resulting in the tingling sensations in his fingers.	back 93 Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called "Saturday night paralysis."
front 94 If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? a complete loss of sensation and movement a complete loss of voluntary movement loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control complete loss of sensation	back 94 a complete loss of voluntary movement
front 95 The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve? radial median ulnar musculocutaneous	back 95 musculocutaneous
front 96 The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves? pudendal and posterior femoral cutaneous posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial pudendal and common fibular common fibular and tibial	back 96 common fibular and tibial

front 97 Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________. radial nerve ulnar nerve median nerve sciatic nerve	back 97 ulnar nerve
front 98 Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. sacral plexus femoral plexus thoracic plexus lumbar plexus	back 98 sacral plexus
front 99 A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. iliohypogastric sciatic femoral ilioinguinal	back 99 femoral
front 100 Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order): trunks, divisions, cords, and roots roots, divisions, cords, and trunks divisions, roots, trunks, and cords roots, trunks, divisions, and cords	back 100 roots, trunks, divisions, and cords

front 101 The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve. common fibular obturator tibial femoral	back 101 tibial
front 102 Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? ulnar phrenic radial median	back 102 phrenic
front 103 The obturator nerve branches from the sacral plexus. True False	back 103 False
front 104 Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups. True False	back 104 t

front 105 Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. True False	back 105 t
front 106 Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves. True False	back 106 t
front 107 The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord. True False	back 107 f
front 108 The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus. True False	back 108 t

front 109 The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels. True False	back 109 t
front 110 Sciatica has no direct affect on ______. perception of sensory information from the skin that covers the front of the leg perception of sensory information from the skin that covers the back of the leg control of the adductor longus control of the semimembranosus	back 110 control of the adductor longus
front 111 herniated lumbar disc could interfere with ______. skin sensations from the lateral thigh skin sensations from the medial thigh adduction of the thigh All of the listed responses are correct.	back 111 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 112 If "wrist drop" were to appear, there would also be an increased probability of ______. inability to extend the forearm inability to flex the fingers inability to pronate the forearm inability to contract the biceps brachii	back 112 inability to extend the forearm

front 113

Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.

supinate or pronate the forearm
flex the wrist
extend the forearm
All of the listed responses are correct.

back 113

flex the wrist