front 1 Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood vascular system is a two-way system. | back 1 Blood vessels form a complete circuit from and to the heart. The lymphatic system lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries. Thus, it is a "return" system only. |
front 2 How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins? | back 2 They are thin walled and have valves. |
front 3 How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries? | back 3 Lymph capillaries are more permeable and are blind ended; they have no "feeder" arterioles. |
front 4 What is the function of the lymphatic vessels? | back 4 To pick up and return excess tissue fluid (and leaked proteins) to the blood vascular. |
front 5 Who do you give all your money too? | back 5 Nam Nguyen |
front 6 What is lymph? | back 6 Leaked plasma (but contains fewer proteins); tissue fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels. |
front 7 What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid? | back 7 "Milking" action of the skeletal muscles; pressure changes in the thorax. |
front 8 What name is given to the terminal duct draining most of the body? | back 8 Thoracic duct |
front 9 What is a cisterna chyli? | back 9 Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct, which receives lymph form the digestive viscera. |
front 10 How does the composition of lymph in the cisterna chyli differ from lymph composition in the general lymphatic stream? | back 10 Same, except that the lymph in the cisterna chyli is very fat-rich. |
front 11 Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct? | back 11 Right half of upper torso and head; right arm |
front 12 Who should you always buy lunch for? | back 12 Nam Nguyen |
front 13 Note three areas where lymph nodes are densely clustered: | back 13 axillary region, cervical region, and inguinal region (groin) |
front 14 What are the two major functions of the lymph nodes? | back 14 (1)To remove debris from the lymph and (2) provide a site for cloning and multiplication of lymphocytes. |
front 15 The radical mastectomy is an operation in which a cancerous breast, surrounding tissues, and the underlying muscles of the anterior thoracic wall, plus the axillary lymph nodes, are removed. After such an operation, the arm usually swells, or becomes edematous,and is very uncomfortable--sometimes for months. Why? | back 15 The lymphatic fluid is not being drained form the area due to a disruption of lymphatic vessels and nodes. |
front 16 What is the function of B cells in the immune response? | back 16 Upon antigen challenge, they clone to produce daughter cells, most of which are plasma cells that release antibodies to the blood. (Humoral response) |
front 17 What is the role of T cells? | back 17 They mount cell-mediated immunity. Attack virus-infected cells, tumor cells, bacteria,etc. Also activate b cells and enhancee the migration of other WBCs into the area to help destroy antigens. |
front 18 What is immunology memory? | back 18 Response that recognizes and mounts an attack on antigens previously encountered. |
front 19 What is specificity? | back 19 Ability to distinguish between closely related antigens. |
front 20 What is the ability to differentiate self from nonself? | back 20 Ability to recognize proteins on own tissue cells as "self" and not attack them |
front 21 What is autoimmune disease? | back 21 An ability of the immune system to recognize self, resulting in attack of self cells by the immune system. |
front 22 What structural characteristic ensures a slow flow of lymph through a lymph node? | back 22 There are more afferent than efferent vessels. |
front 23 Why is efferent vessels desirable? | back 23 Allows time for the macrophages in the node to remove antigens and other debris, and for activation of immune cells. |
front 24 What similarities in structure and function are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils? | back 24 All are lymphoid tissue containing macrophages and lymphocytes. They are all area where exposure to antigen causes lymphocytes to proliferate and form clones. |
front 25 Where is axillary nodes? | back 25 In the arm pit |
front 26 Where is bone marrow? | back 26 In the femur |
front 27 If Nam needs a kidney transplant. What will you do? | back 27 Give him one of your kidneys for free! Then take him to eat seafood buffet. |
front 28 Where is the cervical lymph node? | back 28 In the neck |
front 29 Where is the cisterna chyli? | back 29 Mid of thorax |
front 30 Where is the inguinal lymph nodes? | back 30 Above the pelvic area |
front 31 Where is the lymphatic vessels? | back 31 In the legs or arms |
front 32 Where is the Peyer's patches | back 32 In the illeum of the intestine. |
front 33 Where is the right lymphatic duct? | back 33 Right side, under the neck and above the heart. |
front 34 Where is the spleen? | back 34 Left side, under the heart. |
front 35 Where is the thoracic duct? | back 35 Left side, under the neck, above the heart |
front 36 Where is the thymus? | back 36 Superior to the heart |
front 37 Where is the tonsils? | back 37 Behind the nose and mouth |
front 38 Distinguish between antigen and antibody. | back 38 An antigen is a molecule capable of provoking an immune response. An antibody is a protein produced by plasma cells that interact with a particular antigen to form a complex. |
front 39 Describe the structure of the immunoglobulin monomer, and label the diagram with the choices given in the key. | back 39 Four polypeptides chains, two "heavy" and two "light" held together by disulfide bonds to form a Y-shaped molecule. Each chain has constant (C) and variable (V) regions |
front 40 Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi | back 40 trachea |
front 41 Who is the coolest dude in the whole wide world? | back 41 Nam Nguyen |
front 42 Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)? | back 42 inferior |
front 43 Forms the Adam's apple: | back 43 thyroid |
front 44 A "lid" for the larynx: | back 44 epiglottis |
front 45 Shaped like a signet ring: | back 45 cricoid |
front 46 Vocal cord attachment: | back 46 arytenoid |
front 47 Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings? | back 47 Prevents its collapse during pressure changes that occur during breathing. |
front 48 Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly? | back 48 Allows a food bolus traveling down the posterior esophagus to bulge anteriorly. |
front 49 What is the function of the pleural membranes? | back 49 Produce a serous fluid that reduces friction during breathing movements and helps to hold the lungs tightly to the thorax wall, which keeps the lungs inflated. |
front 50 Name two functions of the nasal cavity mucousa. | back 50 (1)Warms and (2)moistens incoming air |
front 51 Which primary bronchi is longer? | back 51 Left |
front 52 Which bronchi is larger in diameter? | back 52 Right |
front 53 Which bronchi is more horizontal? | back 53 Left |
front 54 Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs: | back 54 Notrils--> Nasal cavity--> Pharynx--> Larynx--> Trachea--> Main (primary) bronchus--> Lobar/segmental bronchi--> Bronchiole--> Respiratory bronchiole--> Alveolar duct--> Aveolar sac--> Across alveolar/capillary walls--> Pulmonary blood |
front 55 Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi? | back 55 Trachea |
front 56 Site of tonsils? | back 56 Pharynx |
front 57 Food passageway posterior? | back 57 Esophagus |
front 58 Covers the glottis during swallowing of food? | back 58 Epiglottis |
front 59 Contains the vocal cords? | back 59 Larynx |
front 60 Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration? | back 60 Vargus nerve |
front 61 Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax? | back 61 Parietal pleura |
front 62 Site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood? | back 62 Alveolus |
front 63 Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx? | back 63 Pharyngotympanic tube |
front 64 Contains opening between the vocal folds? | back 64 Glottis |
front 65 Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity? | back 65 Conchae |
front 66 Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? | back 66 Palate |
front 67 What portion of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space? | back 67 All but the respiratory zone structures (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli) |
front 68 Why is there anatomically dead space except for the respiratory zones? | back 68 Because no gas exchange occurs except in the respiratory zone, particularly in the alveoli. |
front 69 What is external respiration? | back 69 Exchange gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs. |
front 70 What is internal respiration? | back 70 Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body. |
front 71 What is cellular respiration? | back 71 Oxygen-using cellular processes (that produce energy) with tissue cells. |
front 72 What structural characteristics of the alveoli make them an ideal site for the diffusion of gases? | back 72 Thin walls, extremely large surface area. |
front 73 Why does oxygen move from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood? | back 73 Because the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveoli, therefore, it moves according to the laws of diffusion into the pulmonary blood. |
front 74 What temporary physiology advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration? | back 74 Increases the thoracic volume more; therefore,, creates a greater negative internal pressure, causing the gases to rush in quickly. Also, more "fresh" air reaches the alveoli. |
front 75 The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements. What would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, as with a puncture wound? | back 75 Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses. |
front 76 What must be done to treat a collapse lung medically? | back 76 Air is withdrawn (chest tube) and the chest is closed. |
front 77 Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration? | back 77 Bronchial |
front 78 Which is heard primarily during inspiration? | back 78 Vesicular |
front 79 Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration: | back 79 Residual volume |
front 80 Volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal expiration: | back 80 Expiratory reserve |
front 81 Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration: | back 81 Tidal volume |
front 82 Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal inspiration: | back 82 Inspiratory reserve |
front 83 Volume of air corresponding TV + IRV + ERV: | back 83 Vital capacity |
front 84 Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect? | back 84 Chronic bronchitis: decrease the volume of air that can be inhaled due to excessive mucus production
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front 85 Does increase in blood CO2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth? | back 85 increase |
front 86 Does decrease in O2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth? | back 86 increase |
front 87 Does increase in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth? | back 87 decrease |
front 88 Does decrease in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth? | back 88 increase |
front 89 Where are the sensory receptors to changes in blood pressure located? | back 89 Aortic arch and carotid sinus |
front 90 Which, if any, of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely be increased in a person who is cardiovascularly fit, such as a runner or a swimmer? | back 90 VC, IRV, ERV, FEV would all be increased |
front 91 Which, if any, of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely be decreased in a person who has smoked a lot for over twenty years? | back 91 VC, IRV, ERV, FEV would all be reduced |
front 92 When blood CO2 levels increase, does the pH increase or decrease? | back 92 Decrease |
front 93 Define buffer | back 93 A molecule or molecule system that resists changes to pH |
front 94 What buffer system operates in blood plasma? | back 94 Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system |
front 95 What role does exhalation of carbon dioxide play in maintaining relatively constant blood pH? | back 95 CO2 leaves the blood during exhalation. This prevents an accumulation of carbonic acid. |
front 96 Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior wall? | back 96 Mesentery |
front 97 Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption? | back 97 Villi |
front 98 Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine? | back 98 Peyer's patches |
front 99 Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine? | back 99 Circular folds |
front 100 Regions that break down foodstuff's mechanically? | back 100 Oral cavity and Stomach |
front 101 Mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing? | back 101 Tongue |
front 102 Conduit for both air and food? | back 102 Pharynx |
front 103 Three structures continuous with and representing modification of the peritoneum? | back 103 Greater omentum, Lesser omentum, Mesentery |
front 104 The "gullet"; no digestion/absorption function? | back 104 Esophagus |
front 105 Folds of the gastric mucosa? | back 105 Rugae |
front 106 Pocketlike sacs of the large intestine? | back 106 Haustra |
front 107 Projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell? | back 107 Microvilli |
front 108 Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines? | back 108 Ileocecal valve |
front 109 Primary region of food and water absorption? | back 109 Small intestine |
front 110 Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth? | back 110 Frenulum |
front 111 Absorbs water and forms feces? | back 111 Large intestine |
front 112 Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks? | back 112 Oral vestibule |
front 113 Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum? | back 113 Appendix |
front 114 Initiates protein digestion? | back 114 Stomach |
front 115 Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach? | back 115 Lesser omentum |
front 116 Who is the sexiest man alive? | back 116 Nam Nguyen duhhhh! |
front 117 Organ immediately distal to the stomach? | back 117 Small intestine |
front 118 Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum? | back 118 Pyloric valve |
front 119 Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity? | back 119 Soft palate |
front 120 Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass? | back 120 Small intestine |
front 121 Serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall? | back 121 Parietal peritoneum |
front 122 Principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms? | back 122 Large intestine |
front 123 Region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body? | back 123 Jennifer, Christine, Anna, Maddie, Ali hahahaha! |
front 124 Bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity? | back 124 Hard plate |
front 125 Produce mucus;found in the submucosa of the small intestine? | back 125 Duodenal glands |
front 126 Produce a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth? | back 126 Salivary glands |
front 127 Produce many enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum? | back 127 Pancreas |
front 128 produce bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct? | back 128 Liver |
front 129 Produce HCI and pepsinogen? | back 129 Gastric glands |
front 130 Found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce intestinal juice | back 130 Intestinal crypts |
front 131 Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? | back 131 Parotid |
front 132 What is the role of the gallbladder? | back 132 To store and concentrate bile made by the liver |
front 133 Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. | back 133 (1)Branch of the bile duct
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front 134 Where would you expect to find the stellate macrophages of the liver? | back 134 Lining the sinusoids;Phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells |
front 135 Why is liver so dark red in the living animal? | back 135 Because its a blood reservoir |
front 136 The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells--those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? | back 136 Acinar cells |
front 137 Substance on which a catalyst works? | back 137 Substrate |
front 138 Biologic catalyst; protein in nature | back 138 Enzyme |
front 139 Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product | back 139 Catalyst |
front 140 Provides a standard of comparison for test results? | back 140 Control |
front 141 List the three characteristics of enzymes | back 141 (1)Specificity(act on one or a small number of substrates)
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front 142 The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean? | back 142 Hydrolases break down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits of monomers |
front 143 Salivary amylase: Organ producing it? Site of action? Substrates? Optimal pH? | back 143 Salivary glands; Oral cavity; Starch; pH 6.7-7.0 |
front 144 Trypsin: Organ producing it? Site of action? Substrates? Optimal pH? | back 144 Pancreas; Small intestine; Proteins; pH 8.0 |
front 145 Lipase(pancreatic): Organ producing it? Site of action? Substrates? Optimal pH? | back 145 Pancreas; Small intestine; Fats; pH 7.4-8.0 |
front 146 Who do you worship second to Jesus? | back 146 Nam Nguyen |
front 147 End product of digestion for protein? | back 147 Amino acid |
front 148 End product of digestion for fats? | back 148 (1)Fatty acids
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front 149 End product of digestion for carbohydrates? | back 149 Simple suger |