front 1 Define reflex: | back 1 Rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli; they are mediated over neural pathways called reflex arcs. |
front 2 Name five essential components of a reflex arc | back 2 Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector. |
front 3 In general, what is the importance of reflex testing in a routine physical examination? | back 3 Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Distorted, exaggerated, or absent reflex response may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions the the nervous system, often before other signs are apparent. |
front 4 Reflexes classified as somatic reflexes include a | back 4 Abdominal reflex, achilles reflex, corneal reflex, crossed-extensor reflex, gag reflex, patellar reflex, and plantar reflex. |
front 5 Of these, the simple stretch reflexes are _______ and ________ , and the superficial cord reflexes are _________ and __________. | back 5 Achilles reflex and patellar reflex; corneal reflex and plantar reflex. |
front 6 Reflexes classified as autonomic reflexes include ________ and _________. | back 6 Ciliospinal reflex and pupillary light reflex. |
front 7 Name two cord-mediated reflexes | back 7 Patellar reflex and cross-extensor reflex |
front 8 Name two somatic reflexes in which the higher brain centers participate | back 8 Superficial cord reflexes and pupillary light reflexes |
front 9 Can the stretch reflex be elicited in a pithed animal (that is, an animal in which the brian has been destroyed)? | back 9 Yes |
front 10 Explain | back 10 Even without the brain a stretch reflex only needs an afferent control center, and motor fibers to be elicited. These components still stay intact if the brain has been destroyed. |
front 11 Trace the reflex arc: naming efferent and afferent nerves, receptors, effectors, and integration centers, for the two reflexes listed:
| back 11 Hit patellar tendon to excite the muscle spindles of quadriceps. Femoral nerve - afferent nerve - to - integration centers - L2 through L4 from thereto - efferent nerve - femoral back to quads - effector - to make the contraction. Also sends impulse to hamstrings - effector - to provide resistance. |
front 12 Trace the reflex arc: naming efferent and afferent nerves, receptors, effectors, and integration centers, for the two reflexes listed:
| back 12 Hit achilles tendon, goes to CNS through the sciatic nerve - afferent- from there it travels to interneurons in the spinal cord - integration center- S1 through S2. From there to alfa motor neurons - efferent nerve - tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve to go to the gastrocnemius - effector. |
front 13 Three factors that influence the rapidity and effectiveness of reflex arc were investigated in conjunction with patellar reflex testing - mental distraction, effect of simultaneous muscle activity in another body area, and fatigue.
| back 13 muscle activity |
front 14 Which factor decreases the excitatory level of the muscles? | back 14 Fatigue |
front 15 When the subject was concentrating on an arithmetic problem, did the change noted in the patellar reflex indicate that the brain activity is necessary for the patellar reflex or only that i may modify it? | back 15 No effect; it does not involve the brain |
front 16 Name the division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for each of the reflexes listed:
| back 16 Sympathetic |
front 17 Salivary reflex | back 17 Sympathetic |
front 18 Pupillary light reflex | back 18 Parasympathetic |
front 19 The pupillary light reflex, the crossed-extensor reflex, and the corneal reflex illustrate the purposeful nature of reflex activity. Describe the protective aspect of each.
| back 19 To protect and help control the eyes from the damage of different lights. |
front 20 Corneal reflex | back 20 To protect the eyes from foreign bodies and lights |
front 21 Crossed-extensor reflex | back 21 To help protect and maintain balance when a withdraw reflex occurs at another part of the body. Helps so you will not hurt yourself when a reflex occurs. |
front 22 Was the pupillary consensual response contralateral or ipsilateral? | back 22 Contralateral |
front 23 Why would such a response be of significant value in the particular reflex? | back 23 Helps to even out the light rays making it less stressful for the affected eye. |
front 24 Differentiate between the types of activities accomplished by somatic and autonomic reflexes. | back 24 Somatic includes all pathways that are voluntary, and autonomic includes all pathways that are involuntary actions. |
front 25 13. (the box to be filled in)
| back 25 Organ involved: bladder/ureters
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front 26 Hering-Breuer | back 26 Organ involved: lungs
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front 27 Defecation | back 27 Organ involved: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, and all digestive organs.
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front 28 Carotid sinus | back 28 Organ involved: carotid & common carotid arteries, heart, blood vessels
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front 29 How do basic and leaned or acquired reflexes differ? | back 29 Basic reflexes are inherited - born with them.
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front 30 Name at least three factors that may modify reaction time to a stimulus. | back 30 Illness, age, and fatigue. |
front 31 In general, how did the response time for the leaned activity performed in the laboratory compare to that for the simple patellar reflex? | back 31 learned reflexes are not as fast as basic reflexes. |
front 32 Did the response time without verbal stimuli decrease with practice? | back 32 Yes |
front 33 Explain the reason for this | back 33 Because it is being leaned/stored by repetition. |
front 34 Explain, in detail, why response time increased when the subject had to react to a word stimulus. | back 34 Because it distracts, it makes the reflexes slow down, the body can't go as fast with two as it can with one. |
front 35 19. BIOPAC - | back 35 I didn't do this one.
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