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Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive

front 1

What is matter

back 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

front 2

What is all matter composed of

back 2

elements

front 3

What are elements

back 3

elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through ordinary chemical reactions

front 4

What is each element composed of

back 4

atoms

front 5

What is an atom

back 5

smallest piece of the element that has the same physical and chemical properties of the element

front 6

where are protons located

back 6

nucleus

front 7

where are neutrons located

back 7

nucleus

front 8

where are electrons located

back 8

orbitals

front 9

what is the charge of the proton

back 9

positive

front 10

what is the charge of the neutron

back 10

neutral

front 11

what is the charge of the electron

back 11

negative

front 12

are atoms are neutral

back 12

yes

front 13

how many electrons does the first orbit hold

back 13

2

front 14

how many electrons does the 2nd and so forth orbits hold

back 14

8

front 15

what is the atomic number

back 15

equal to the number of protons

front 16

what is the mass number

back 16

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

front 17

What happens to electrons during an ionic bond

back 17

electrons are transfered

front 18

what results from the formation of ions (charge)

back 18

ionic bond

front 19

what is a positive ion called

back 19

cation

front 20

what is a negative ion called

back 20

anion

front 21

what happens to electrons during a covalent bond

back 21

the electrons are shared

front 22

what kind of sharing happens during a polar covalent bond

back 22

unequal sharing

front 23

what kind of sharing happens in a nonpolar covalent bond

back 23

equal sharing

front 24

where do hydrogen bonds occur

back 24

in polar covalent bonds

front 25

what is a hydrogen bond

back 25

it is a weak bond between atoms of other molecules

front 26

When do chemical reactions occur

back 26

when chemical bonds are formed, broken or rearranged

front 27

Name the three types of chemical reactions

back 27

synthesis, decomposition, and exchange

front 28

All synthesis reactions in the body are referred to as

back 28

anabolic

front 29

A+B=AB

back 29

synthesis reaction

front 30

What is the other name for a breakdown reactions

back 30

decomposition reactions

front 31

AB=A+B

back 31

decomposition reaction

front 32

decomposition reactions are referred to as

back 32

catabolic reactions

front 33

What reactions involves bonds being made and broken

back 33

exchange reactions

front 34

AB+CD=AD=CB

back 34

exchange reaction

front 35

reactions that release energy are called

back 35

exergonic

front 36

reactions that absorb energy are called

back 36

endergonic

front 37

reactions are classified based on what

back 37

whether energy is used or released

front 38

reactions can also be classified based on

back 38

if water is used up or released

front 39

AB=CD+H2O

back 39

dehydration reaction

front 40

AB+H2O=CD

back 40

hydrolysis

front 41

reactions can also be classified as

back 41

reversible and nonreversible

front 42

What affects the rate of the chemical reaction

back 42

temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalyst

front 43

what does the ph scale measure

back 43

the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

front 44

what is ph 7 considered

back 44

neutral

front 45

what is ph <7 considered

back 45

acid

front 46

what is a ph >7 considered

back 46

alkaline (base)

front 47

The higher the hydrogen ion concentration is means the solution is

back 47

more acidic

front 48

the three things that keep the blood at its proper level are

back 48

respiratory system, renal system and a buffer

front 49

What is energy

back 49

the capacity to do work

front 50

what are two forms of energy

back 50

potential and kinetic

front 51

what is potential energy

back 51

energy stored that could do work but is not doing it

front 52

what is kinetic energy

back 52

energy that is actually doing work

front 53

What are the four types of energy

back 53

electrical, electromagnetic, chemical and heat

front 54

what are organic compounds

back 54

compounds that contain carbon except, CO AND CO2

front 55

What is the basic building block of carbohydrates

back 55

monosaccharide

front 56

what are the three monosaccharides of importance

back 56

glucose, fructose, and galactose C6H12O6

front 57

What are two monosaccharides joined together

back 57

disaccharide

front 58

what is glucose +fructose

back 58

sucrose

front 59

what is glucose + galactose

back 59

lactose

front 60

what is glucose+glucose

back 60

maltose

front 61

Which polysaccharides are not digestible

back 61

cellulose and hemicellulose/fiber

front 62

which polysaccharides are digestible

back 62

glycogen (animals)and starch (plants)

front 63

What are the roles of carbohydrates in the body

back 63

provide energy, store energy, form cell structure provides bulk to the feces

front 64

how many calories are in 1 gm of carbohydrate

back 64

4

front 65

carbohydrates store energy in the form of

back 65

glycogen

front 66

what are the building blocks of protein

back 66

amino acids

front 67

how many different types of proteins are there

back 67

20

front 68

how many amino acids need to be joined together to be called a protein

back 68

4

front 69

protein structure:primary
due to
results in

back 69

peptide bond
sequence of AA

front 70

protein structure:secondary
due to
results in

back 70

hydrogen bond
coiling of protein

front 71

protein structure: tertiary
due to
results in

back 71

sulfur bond
further coiling of protein

front 72

protein structure:quaternary
due to
results in

back 72

orientation of subunits
function of protein

front 73

What role do protein play in the body

back 73

provides calories,stores calories, help to fight infection, carry oxygen, makes skin and hair tough, skin flexible and taut, digest food, hormones (except reproductive ones)

front 74

what does lipids consist of

back 74

fats, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol)

front 75

what are the basic building blocks of lipids

back 75

glycerol and fatty acids

front 76

1G+1FA=

back 76

Monoglyceride

front 77

1G+2FA=

back 77

Diglyceride

front 78

1G+3FA=

back 78

Triglyceride

front 79

what is the worst kind of fat

back 79

saturated fat

front 80

C-C-C-C-C-C

back 80

saturated fat

front 81

C=C-C-C-C-C

back 81

monounsaturated

front 82

C=C=C-C-C-C

back 82

polyunsaturated

front 83

what are the roles of fat in the body

back 83

provides calories, stores energy around organs, helps in the absorption of soluble vitamins A,D,E,K, reproductive hormones

front 84

how many calories in 1gm of fat

back 84

9

front 85

what are the two classes of nucleic acids

back 85

DNA and RNA

front 86

what are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids

back 86

nucleotides

front 87

each nucleotide consist of

back 87

sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

front 88

what sugar does RNA have

back 88

ribose

front 89

what sugar does DNA have

back 89

deoxyribose

front 90

Name the nitrogenous bases

back 90

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil

front 91

which nitrogenous base is not in RNA

back 91

thymine

front 92

which nitrogenous base is not in DNA

back 92

uracil

front 93

A double helix structure is called the

back 93

DNA

front 94

a single stranded molecule is called the

back 94

RNA

front 95

adenine always pairs with either

back 95

T or U

front 96

Guanine always pairs with

back 96

C

front 97

Function of ATP

back 97

store energy, sources of immediate energy

front 98

what is ATP made of

back 98

sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (adenine)

front 99

where is ATP stored

back 99

between the second and third phosphate molecule