front 1 Which one of the following is not a fundamental assumption of Science?
| back 1 C. that empirical evidence is less important than logic |
front 2 One of the ways in which science distinguishes itself from religion, mysticism and philosophy is:
| back 2 A. science seeks to limit confirmation bias (strives for negation) |
front 3 Which one of the following definitions of the term 'natural' is implied in the definition of science as "the study of natural phenomena?"
| back 3 C. natural = not metaphysical or not supernatural |
front 4 According to scientists, what is the main difference between a theory and a law?
| back 4 C. theories are well examined hypotheses that explain phenomena and laws do not explain facts, they simply state them |
front 5 Suppose you sign up for a drug study and as part of the study you don’t know if the pills they have given you are the actual drug or a placebo. Suppose further that the nurse that gathers data from you doesn't know whether you have received the placebo or the drug. Which one of the following is a correct statement about this study?
| back 5 B. it is a double blind study |
front 6 New Lectures (weekly readings) are posted:
| back 6 E. every Monday by 11:59pm |
front 7 You can take a quiz or turn in your answers to a quiz later than 2 minutes after its due date.
| back 7 False |
front 8 What should I do if:
| back 8 B. send changes to Holly's phone as a text (preferable) or left on her personal voice mail |
front 9 The scheduled dates for Lecture Exams, Lab Practicals and the 2 timed Special Quizzes are found listed in the document 'Important Testing Dates and Protocols' posted in the Course Administration Module.
| back 9 True |
front 10 The Lecture Exam and Weekly Quiz questions are based on material presented in the Lectures.
| back 10 True |
front 11 Which one of the following most specifically defines natural selection?
| back 11 C. Natural selection is the non-random survival and reproduction of individuals with specific genotypes. |
front 12 With Lepus americanus and Lepus californicus we see two species of hares (genus Lepus) that have lived in very different environments for a long time. The current range of L. americanus is Alaska and most of Canada, ranging south to northern California, northern New Mexico, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, and in the east, southward through the Allegheny Mountains. L. californicus occurs all throughout Texas and into Mexico, ranging as far west as California and Baja California and north into Washington, Idaho, Colorado and Nebraska.
| back 12 C. Both kinds of rabbits were once members of the same species in the past, but by separation into different regions followed by different natural selection pressures they have adapted differently. They now look and act so differently that they do not mate with one another. |
front 13 Which one of the following statements does not pertain to the process of natural selection (ie. its not part of the definition nor of its parameters). Hint: one of the statements below is just false. Which one is it?
| back 13 C. The strongest & most powerful individuals in populations always pass on their genes. |
front 14 Which one of the following is not a factor affecting the gene frequencies of populations?
| back 14 F. All of these are likely to affect the gene frequencies in a population. |
front 15 This is defined as the tendency for gene pools to change strictly by stochastic (randomly determined or chance) events.
| back 15 A. genetic drift |
front 16 Gene flow is the population geneticist's code for ...
| back 16 B. migration |
front 17 Most mutations are ...
| back 17 D. disadvantageous to the organism or the population to which it will contribute its genes. |
front 18 f the selections listed below, which one is the most likely cause of rapid evolutionary change?
| back 18 C. chromosomal rearrangements |
front 19 What term is defined as: 'when the fitness (advantage) of a specific trait is inversely proportional to its frequency in the population'?
| back 19 D. frequency-dependent selection |
front 20 Biologically speaking, the tendency for humans to mate with people within their same culture and socioeconomic group (not including relatives) is an example of...
| back 20 A. assortative mating |
front 21 What is the term for a cultural embodiment of the rational human tendency to seek natural explanations for observed phenomena? It represents an effort to understand the Universe using empirical methods. | back 21 Science |
front 22 One of the two fundamental assumptions needed for science: The assumption that facts are real and not constructed by our perceptions. (also it is possible to accurately perceive reality) | back 22 Realism |
front 23 One of the two fundamental assumptions needed for science: The assumption that natural phenomena are laws. (also Universal laws are sufficient to explain all phenomena) | back 23 Consistency |
front 24 A well tested, highly respected, working explanation of basic natural phenomena. Explains the "how" of something | back 24 Theory |
front 25 Term for a concept that is socially constructed by the human mind and is culturally and situationally relative | back 25 Value |
front 26 Term for the human nature tendency to seek cororoboration, net negation | back 26 confirmation bias |
front 27 An occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses | back 27 phenomenon |
front 28 Name the three possible meanings of "natural" in order from the essay | back 28 1. Not artificial
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front 29 Science comes form the Latin scire which means | back 29 to know |
front 30 Science comes from the Indo-European root skei which means | back 30 to cut or split |
front 31 The systematic identification, classification, and explanation of things and ideas and the relationships among them is called | back 31 descriptive science |
front 32 Which form of natural does this statement refer to? The strange flashes or light seen in the swamp at night are clearly from natural causes. | back 32 3 Supernatural |
front 33 Which meaning of the word natural is meant by the definition "Science is the study of natural phenomena" | back 33 3 Not supernatural |
front 34 What activity can be considered the cornerstone of all science? How does it relate to the term science? | back 34 Classification. To classify is to cut or split objects into categories. |
front 35 What are the 6 steps of the scientific method? | back 35 1. make observation
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front 36 Term for a postulated solution or working explanation of a problem that needs to be further tested | back 36 Hypothesis |
front 37 Can you prove a hypothesis? | back 37 No! You can, however, currently accept a hypothesis as the best explanation or principle thus far examined. |
front 38 Term for a sample to which the treatment is not applied but is subject to all other factors that the treated sample is exposed to | back 38 Control group |
front 39 Term for a study wherein the participants and/or those taking information from the patients don't know who is receiving treatments | back 39 blinded study |
front 40 Study in which those taking the info know who are in the treatment group but the patients do not | back 40 single blind study |
front 41 Study in which those taking the info and the patients are both unaware of who is the the treatment group | back 41 double blind study |
front 42 When an observation is made repeatedly in different systems and it is always the same under same conditions, the observation is called a ... | back 42 law
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front 43 Name the term for this statement: Because not all the individuals of a given kind will live to reproduce, probability favors the reproduction of those that have the characteristics or traits most advantageous for survival in their environment | back 43 natural selection |
front 44 Name the term for this statement: The heritable change in allele frequencies in a population over time. The changes occur because of either natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, or mutation | back 44 biological evolution (specific definition) |
front 45 Name the term for this statement: the changes in the traits of populations within a species causes the populations to substantially diverge from one another possibly causing speciation. The changes can be caused by those listed above and also the processes of hybridization and endosymbiosis. | back 45 biological evolution (general definition) |
front 46 Term for the study of gene frequencies in populations and how they are affected by selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and mating behavior | back 46 population genetics |
front 47 Term for the tendency for gene pools to change strictly by stochastic (randomly determined) events | back 47 genetic drift |
front 48 Genetic drift is most effective when the sample size is ... | back 48 small
|
front 49 Term for when an allele is unopposed in a population | back 49 fixed |
front 50 Term for an effect that occurs when a segment of an existing population is separated from the main body of the population. | back 50 Founder effect
|
front 51 Term for any catastrophic event that reduces the numbers of a population to very low levels also lending itself to genetic drift | back 51 genetic bottleneck
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front 52 Term for migration either into or out of a population | back 52 gene flow |
front 53 If there is low gene flow between two populations, what is likely to occur? | back 53 segregation
|
front 54 Complete isolation of a population may lead quickly to... | back 54 speciation |
front 55 A change in an organism's DNA is called | back 55 a mutation |
front 56 Are mutations random with respect to chromosomes? | back 56 No, there are placed on the chromosomes that are more likely to mutate than others. |
front 57 Are mutations random with respect to natural selection? | back 57 Yes they are random. Natural selection cannot direct mutation. |
front 58 Most mutations cause... | back 58 loss of function of the mutated gene and are disadvantageous. |
front 59 In rare instances, a mutation's loss of function is... | back 59 advantageous |
front 60 Mutations that cause a loss of function are the origin of... | back 60 recessive alleles |
front 61 Molecular clocks can you what to determine the origin of a species and larger taxonomic groups? | back 61 neutral mutations |
front 62 "Instant" species change can occur from what | back 62 mutations of whole chromosomes. (rearrangements with regard to their constitution and number) |
front 63 Type of mating behavior where individuals mate with others that are closely related. If widespread this quickly reduces genetic varitation. | back 63 Inbreeding. (ultimate height of inbreeding is selfing or self fertilization) |
front 64 Inbreeding reduces BLANK and promotes BLANK | back 64 reduces heterozygosity
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front 65 Type of mating behavior where individuals select mates based on their characteristics. (Those that have appealing characteristics are chosen more often as mates) | back 65 Assortive mating |
front 66 Type of selection that when a trait is rare, it is favored by selection and when it is common it is at a disadvantage. | back 66 Frequency-dependent selection |
front 67 Type of selection that is the altruistic behavior of an organism that may benefit relatives and thereby increase its and its relatives' survival. | back 67 Kin selection |
front 68 Type of selection in which there are differential abilities of individuals to acquire mates in competition with other individuals of the same sex and this directly leads to the change in allele frequencies over time. | back 68 Sexual selection
|
front 69 Sexual selection often leads to BLANK.
| back 69 Sexual dimorphism |
front 70 (Support of evolution)
| back 70 biogeography |
front 71 Why don't multiple islands have identical species as related to biogeography? | back 71 island species came from mainland populations that migrated the the island and that they genetically diverged from their ancestors on the mainland. |
front 72 (Support of evolution)
| back 72 Fossil record
|
front 73 (Support of evolution)
| back 73 comparitive anatomy |
front 74 Body parts of differing species that due to ancestry have similarity of structure but not always function | back 74 Homologous structures |
front 75 Organs or structures that completely lack function in an organism but not in the organism's ancestors. | back 75 vestigial organs |
front 76 (Support of evolution)
| back 76 Comparative Embryology |
front 77 What have comparative embryologists noted? | back 77 Certain taxa go through very similar stages of development. (Vertebrates have a gill pouch stage whether or not they ultimately develop gills) |
front 78 All the genes that have to be turned on to complete the formation of some body part | back 78 developmental cascade |
front 79 Distantly related species share similar basic body plan development because of these two things | back 79 1. shared master developmental genes
|
front 80 Study of molecular genetics, embryology and evolution has led to a new hybrid discipline of biology called | back 80 evolutionary developmental biology
|
front 81 (support of evolution)
| back 81 molecular biology |
front 82 DNA segments within larger genes that turn on or off other genes during development and are found in numerous related taxa. They are conserved sequences across taxa. | back 82 Homeobox genes.
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front 83 Homeobox gene that when turned on by another upstream gene creates "spots". The spots produce outward projections called limbs. | back 83 distal-less |
front 84 a particular genotype is measured by how much it spreads in the next generation relative to another genotype. Purely based on offspring produced. This is called... | back 84 relative fitness |
front 85 The differences in or between populations of a species. | back 85 Variation |
front 86 If there is more than one phenotype for a trait, then the trait is... | back 86 polymorphic |
front 87 If there is only one phenotype for a trait in a population or species, then that trait is... | back 87 monomorphic |
front 88 Term that describes the concept that most traits are produced from multiple genes | back 88 polygenic inheritance |
front 89 Type of selection that occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotype range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other. Common when the environment changes. | back 89 Directional Selection |
front 90 Type of selection where the mean doesn't shift but increases in frequency. The frequency of the extreme frequencies are reduced. | back 90 Stabilizing Selection |
front 91 Type of selection that favors the extreme phenotypes. The mean stays the same but the number of individuals at the mean decrease. | back 91 Disruptive Selection |
front 92 Definition 1: A BLANK can be defined based on its reproductive isolation | back 92 species
|
front 93 Definition 2: A BLANK can be defined based on its phenotypes or morphology | back 93 species
|
front 94 Definition 3: A BLANK is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are generally reproductively isolated from other such groups. | back 94 species
|
front 95 Four ways speciation can come about | back 95 1. accumulation of many gene changes
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front 96 The physical splitting of one genome into two via geographic barriers and then the accumulation of mutations in the 2 separate groups producing speciation. | back 96 allopatric speciation |
front 97 One genome can split into two via a reproductive barrier that is not caused by geographic separation in a process called | back 97 sympatric speciation
|
front 98 Term for when a species increases its chromosome sets and there is now variation in chromosome sets | back 98 autopolyploidy
|
front 99 Term for an increase in chromosome number that has been preceded by hybridization | back 99 allopolyploidy
|
front 100 Sympatric speciation can occur via these three ways... | back 100 1. reproductive barriers forming, via mutations that allow some individuals to diverge from the populations genome.
|
front 101 If a small number of mutations occur to developmental genes, that can cause... | back 101 speciation |
front 102 Retaining juvenile traits but having sexual maturity is called... | back 102 neoteny |
front 103 When two separate species successfully make offspring (hybridize), that causes... | back 103 speciation |
front 104 Hybridization occurs most often in what two situations? | back 104 Where pollen is spread by the wind
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front 105 The close, intimate (on or inside another) association between 2 different species of organisms. | back 105 Symbiosis |
front 106 Smaller body in symbiosis that lives on or in the larger is called the | back 106 Symbiont
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front 107 Symbioses in which the symbiont lives upon the internal or external body surfaces of the host is called | back 107 ectosymbiosis |
front 108 Symbioses in which the symbiont lives inside the host cells and is called | back 108 endosymbiosis |
front 109 What are the three organelles thought to have endosymbiont origins? | back 109 1. mitochondria
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front 110 What are the three pieces of evidence to support the endosymbiont theory? | back 110 1. Mitochondria and Plastids have a double membrane
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front 111 Species 1 has a population that is rather small (8 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘Aa’ and 6 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, that by chance, the 2 ‘Aa’ don’t mate with each other and instead they mate with the AA individuals. Question: What is the chance that an Aa individual crossed to a AA individual could make AA offspring? [note: don't over-think; this is a simple genetics cross; gets more difficult in following questions]
| back 111 C. 50% |
front 112 Species 1 has a population that is rather small (8 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘Aa’ and 6 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, that by chance, the 2 ‘Aa’ don’t mate with each other and instead they each mate, only one time each, with an AA individual. [O.K. this is really a continuation of #1 above]
| back 112 B. genetic drift |
front 113 Species 2 has a population that is rather small (10 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘aa’ and 8 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, the 2 ‘aa’ perish in a hurricane before ever getting a chance mate. The loss of the ‘a’ allele in this population has come about because of:
| back 113 B. genetic drift |
front 114 Suppose a population of: AA, Aa, aa individuals each with their own separate phenotype (i.e. 3 phenotypes total).
| back 114 A. higher |
front 115 The scenario detailed in previous question is indicative of:
| back 115 C. natural selection for cold tolerance |
front 116 Suppose a population wherein males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females (always drab light brown) for mating. Those males with lighter green necks are chosen less often. Question: females CHOOSING and MATING with (both behaviours) males with darker green colored necks is an example of:
| back 116 E. assortative mating |
front 117 Suppose a population of an species wherein the males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females for mating. Those with lighter green necks are chosen less often for mating. Additionally, all male offspring, produced from the matings of females with dark green necked males, have dark green necks. [note: this is same background as previous question]
| back 117 J. sexual selection |
front 118 Suppose a population of an species wherein the males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females for mating. Those with lighter green necks are chosen less often for mating. Additionally, all male offspring, produced from the matings of females with dark green necked males, have dark green necks. [note: this is same background as previous question]
| back 118 F. directional selection |
front 119 What term is defined as ‘a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are generally reproductively isolated from other such groups’?
| back 119 B. species |
front 120 The limitation of (or problem with) the Biological Species concept is:
| back 120 E. doesn’t allow hybridization |
front 121 As listed in this week’s lecture, which one of the following cannot produce speciation?
| back 121 A. neutral mutations |
front 122 Suppose a population that covers an area of 1 square mile. Next suppose that a major highway is put right through the center of the population dividing it into 2 populations that, although doing well, can no longer mate with each other. If over time, the 2 separated populations accumulate enough phenotypic differences to be considered 2 species, what type of speciation would this be called?
| back 122 D. allopatric speciation |
front 123 If a species increases its chromosome sets so that there is now variation in chromosome sets without hybridization directly preceding it, it is called:
| back 123 E. autopolyploidy |
front 124 When individuals from two different species successfully make offspring it is called:
| back 124 E. hybridization |
front 125 Which one of the following will not produce sympatric speciation?
| back 125 C. hybridization |
front 126 What are the 3 organelles thought to have an endosymbiont origin?
| back 126 A. mitochondria, plastids, and kinetosomes |
front 127 Which one of the following is not evidence* in support of the endosymbiont theory?
| back 127 B. chloroplasts have photopigments |