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Microbiology lecture Chapter 16- Innate immunity- Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

front 1

Immunity is _________________.

back 1

The ability to ward off disease through body defenses.

front 2

Lack of immunity is called _______________.

back 2

susceptibility

front 3

Innate immunity is ____________.

back 3

All the body defenses that protect the body against any kind of pathogen. Not specific - no memory and a quick response.

front 4

Adaptive immunity is _________________.

back 4

Refers to defenses (antibodies) against specific microorganisms. Involves memory and slower to respnd.

front 5

What is the purposeof the innate immune system?

back 5

To recognize and destroy pathogens and their products
It does not rely on previous exposure
It is present since birth
largely due to phagocytes- leukocytes
If innate immune system not able to repsond phagocytes will activate the adaptive immune response

front 6

Innate defenses are

back 6

Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Cellular defenses
Inflammation
(all act to destroy pathogens)
Fever
Molecular defenses ( these 2 inactivate toxins that have gained entry)

front 7

Physical barrier is the _______.

back 7

skin

front 8

The skin is a physical barrier preventing entry. The skin is inhospitable because its____________.

back 8

acidic
salty
very dry
impenetrable

front 9

Most normal microflora is ____________.

back 9

gram (+)
hard for gram (-) to survive on surface of the skin because thinner cells walls

front 10

The most common microorganism found on the skin is ________________.

back 10

staphylococcus

front 11

Another physical barrier is the ________________.

back 11

Mucousal membrane

front 12

What type of cells produce mucous on the epithelial layer?

back 12

goblet cells
mucous (glycoproteins)

front 13

Can it trap microbes?

back 13

yes

front 14

The cilia moves ______ up and out the _________.

back 14

mucous up and out the upper respiratory tract

front 15

True or false the lower respiratory system should be sterile.

back 15

true

front 16

Other physical factors involve:

back 16

lacrimal apparatus: constant washing of the conjunctiva (eye)
Saliva: dilute microbes/ washing teeth
Hair: covered with mucus at the base, function as a filter, traps microbes from entering the LRT
Cilia: ciliary escalator , moves microbes and debris up towards URT, cigarette smoke destroys or paralyzes the cilia
Urine, vaginal secretions, vomiting, defecations and peristalis:
are constantly flushing microbes out of your body

front 17

Chemical factors are:

back 17

Sebum- helps maintain low pH
Oil
Keratin
Lysozyme: digestive product- that can help destroy microbes and can be found in:
-perspiration
- tears
- saliva
-tissue fluids
- urine
- nasal secretions
Gastric juices (low pH)
Vaginal secretions (low pH)

front 18

Antimicrobial substances are _________________.

back 18

The complement system that is a collection of proteins produced in the liver and circulate the whole body attacking pathogenic microbes. They trigger inflammation, lysing foreign entities, and improving and enhancing phagocytosis.

front 19

Blood

back 19

If spun in a machine and all the blood separated it would be 58% plasma, 42% RBCs and less than 1% WBCs.

front 20

All WBCs are found in the _________________.

back 20

Buffy coat

front 21

Leukocytes in buffy coat:

back 21

Neutrophils: highly phagocytic, first to travel to infection site
Eosinophils: phagocytic- produce toxic substance to kill helminths
Monocytes: immature leukocytes at site of infection phagocytic; when they mature they become macrophages in later stage of the infection

front 22

Phagocytosis is when _______________________.

back 22

When defensive cells travel to site of infection;conducted by WBCs (phagocytes)

front 23

Which leukocyte is the first to arrive when there is an infection?

back 23

Neutrophils

front 24

Phagocytosis is activated by ___________, ________, and _____________.

back 24

1. Lipid A the toxic portion gram (-) bacteria
2. Lipopolysaccharide: gram (-) bacteria
3. Cytokines (produced by WBCs)

front 25

Signal for phagocytosis to begin:

back 25

bacteria sending a chemical signal (toxic product)------> wounded tissue ------> Phagocytic cell----> for more phagocytic cells to come help fight the infection

front 26

The pseudopodia (false feet) bring foreign entity into the cell to digest in the phagocyte within the phagocyte is a ___________ where the foreign entities can be found.

back 26

phagosome

front 27

Phases of phagocytosis:

back 27

Chemotaxis: signal- microbes, microbial products, damaged dell tissue, wbcs, and other microbial agents attract phagocytes

Adherence: Attachment of phagocyte to microbe
facilitated if coated with protein (PAMPS)

Ingestion: the pseudopodia extend around the microbe and engulf; microbe within a phagocytic vesicle called a phagosome

Digestion:
lysosome fuse with phagosome (phagolysosome)and release digestive enzymes; undigested material is excreted by cell

front 28

Phagocytes have ____ ______ receptors that detect and attach to foreign matter. It is like a lock and key fit.

back 28

toll like

front 29

What does PAMPs stand for?

back 29

pathogen associated molecular patterns

front 30

What are PAMPs?

back 30

anything that is foreign and not part of your body (self)

front 31

What is in a lysosomes?

back 31

digestive enzymes- lysozine
stomach of the cell

front 32

phagocytosis

back 32

Chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion

front 33

Host cells have toll like receptors that are made of ________ and embedded in the _________.

back 33

protein
plasma membrane

front 34

Microbes have receptors that bind to _________ such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

back 34

TLRs

front 35

Inflammation is:

back 35

response to tissue damage

front 36

What is the purpose of inflammation?

back 36

eliminate cause of inflammation
remove microbe, products of microbes (one causing the damage) or keep it localized
repair damaged tissue

front 37

Is chronic inflammation acceptable?

back 37

No- chronic inflammation is a problem because it will start doing damage to your tissue

front 38

Sequence of events in inflammation:

back 38

1. Tissue damage
2. Chemical signals released
-chemicals cause
*vasodilation - increasing blood flow to area
*permeability of blood vessels-more leaky (WBCs)
*recruitment of phagocytic cells
3. Cellular adhesion molecules are altered by cytokines
- that causes margination which the WBCs attaching to the endothelium of blood vessels before they can exit
4. Exit is called immigration
5. Tissue repair: new cells replace damaged ones

front 39

The 4 responses of inflammation are:

back 39

Redness (erythema): rush of blood to area
Swelling (edema): plasma going to injured tissue
Pain: swelling pushing on pain receptors
Heat

front 40

The complement system involves ___________ that are produced by the liver and released into the ___________.

back 40

proteins- sequentially activated
blood stream

front 41

In the complement system the proteins are designated___________-.

back 41

C1, C2, C3......

front 42

Activated C3 splits into

back 42

C3a and C3b

front 43

Function of the complement system:

back 43

cell lysis
triggers inflammation
enhances phagocytosis-opsinization

front 44

What is C3b's function?

back 44

to coat surface of foreign microbe- its like highlighting or flagging the microbe for the immune system and by doing so makes it easier for phagocytes to attach and digest

front 45

know this well

back 45

no data

front 46

What 3 things are caused by the complement system?

back 46

inflammation
opsinization
cell lysis

front 47

How does the complement system get turned on?
Classical pathway-

back 47

Antigen-antibody complexes bind and activate C1
C1 activates C2 and C4
C2a and C4b ---->C2aC4b
C2aC4b----> C3

front 48

Alternative pathway

back 48

Complement proteins (factors) bind to microbes
Triggers C3

front 49

Lectin pathway

back 49

Phagocytes signal liver to produce lectins
lectins bind to surface sugars on microbe ----> activates C2 and C4
C2a and C4b -----> C3

front 50

Cytokines (chemical signals) do what?

back 50

They trigger the liver cells to produce lectins- very specific in for certain molecular fragments microbial in origin

front 51

Will lectins bind to our cells normally?

back 51

no

front 52

How can bacteria get around our immune system?

back 52

M protein- heat/acid resistant protein on cell wall surface and fimbriae of staphylococcus pyogenes
Capsules- don't let phagocytes to attach to microbes
leukocidins and streptolysins- destroy and or rupture WBCs and cells
membrane attack complexes- create holes in phagocytes that cause lysis- release microbes
replication within phagosomes
-due to low pH
some escape before phagolysosome
prevention fusion between phagosome and lysosome