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Microbiology - Chapter 4

front 1

All Living Cells can be classified into 2 groups.Name them______________ and _____________.

back 1

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

front 2

True or False prokaryotes are simpler and smaller in structure than eukaryotes?

back 2

true

front 3

True or false plants and animals are completely comprised of eukaryotic cells?

back 3

true

front 4

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are similar are chemically similar in that they both contain _______, _________,__________,and ________________.

back 4

nucleic acids
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates

front 5

They use the same kinds of chemical reactions to ___________, _______________, and _______________.

back 5

metabolize food
build proteins
store energy

front 6

It is primarily the structure of the cell and the absence of organelles (specialized cell structures that have specific functions) that distinguish ____________ from ___________________.

back 6

prokaryotes from eukaryotes

front 7

Chief distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes ( from the Greek meaning prenucleus) are:

back 7

1.Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular, circularly arranged chromosome.(Some bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae, have 2 chromosomes and some have linearly arranged chromosome)
2.Their DNA is not associated with histones (special chromosome proteins found in eukaryotes); other proteins associated with the DNA.
3.They lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
4.Their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan.
5. They usually divide by binary fission. During this process the DNA is copied and the cells split into 2 cells. Binary fission involves fewer structures and processes than eukaryotic cell division.

front 8

Chief distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes (from the Greek meaning true nucleus) are:

back 8

1. Their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus which is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes.
2. Their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and non-histones.
3.They have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysomes and sometimes chloroplasts.
4.Their cell walls when present are chemically simple.
5.Cell division usually involves mitosis, in which chromosomes replicate and an identical set is distributed into each of two nuclei. The process is guided by the mitotic spindle a football shaped assembly of microtubules. Division of the cytoplasm and other organelles follows so that the two cells produced are identical to each other.

front 9

Prokaryotic cells include _________ and _________.

back 9

bacteria and archaea

front 10

True or false. It is estimated that 99% of the bacteria in nature exist in biofilm.

back 10

true

front 11

The 1000s of bacteria are differentiated by many factors such as_________, ________________,______________,and ____________.

back 11

Morphology (shape)
chemical composition ( often detected by staining reactions)nutritional requirements, biochemical activities and sources of energy (sunlight or chemicals)

front 12

Most bacteria rage in size from _______ to _________ in length.

back 12

0.2 to 2.0 um in diameter and from 2 to 8 um in length.

front 13

They have a few basic shapes: ______________, ______________, and _______________.

back 13

coccus (plural cocci meaning berries); bacillus (rod shaped)-plural bacilli- little staffs; spiral.

front 14

Cocci are usually round but can be _________,________,or ________________.

back 14

round
oval or flattened on one side

front 15

When cocci divide to reproduce, the cells can remain
a) attached to one another
b) get pulled apart

back 15

a) attached to one another

front 16

Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing are called ____________________.

back 16

diplococci

front 17

The cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called?

back 17

streptococci

front 18

The cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are known as?

back 18

tetrads

front 19

The cocci that divide in multiple planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of 8 are called

back 19

sarcinae

front 20

The cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are called?

back 20

staphylocci

front 21

Bacilli divide only across?

back 21

their short axis

front 22

Most bacilli appear as single rods called?

back 22

single bacilli

front 23

Diplobacilli appear in _______ after division.

back 23

pairs

front 24

Streptobacilli appear in _____________.

back 24

chains

front 25

Some bacilli look like straws. Others have _______
ends that look like cigars.

back 25

tapered

front 26

Some are oval and look so much like cocci that they are called______________.

back 26

coccibacilli

front 27

True or false? bacillus can not form staphylo arrangement

back 27

True- because it divides along its shortest axis

front 28

Spirilla have _______________ and _______________ and _____________________.

back 28

thicker flagella and thinner endoflagella and axial flagella spin.

front 29

Which bacillus is the cause of syphilis?

back 29

trepolina

front 30

Bacillus has 2 meanings in microbiology what are they?

back 30

One pertains to morphology of the bacteria and the other to a specific genus

front 31

Other cell shapes such as star, rectangular are usually what?

back 31

archae- environmental bacteria don't usually cause harm to human such as disease

front 32

Prokaryotic cell is dependent on what?

back 32

plasma membrane

front 33

What does a prokaryotic cell get its energy and food from?

back 33

cellular respiration

front 34

What are the typical structures of bacteria?

back 34

plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
cytoplasm
70S ribosomes
Nucleoid containing DNA
plasmid
fimbriae
flagella

front 35

Spirochetes use what to move?

back 35

flagella

front 36

What is the chief job of the capsule?

back 36

Help cells attach to host cell and one another

front 37

What is the prokaryotic cells food source?

back 37

carbohydrate layer

front 38

What is glycocalyx?

back 38

sugar coat

front 39

Bacterial glycocalyx is?

back 39

sticky and viscous gelatinous polymer that is external to cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both.

front 40

What is capsule?

back 40

a substance that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall the glycocalyx is described as capsule. Has rigid tight matrix and doesn't allow small particles to penetrate.
Harder for immune system (WBCs)to phagocyte

front 41

How can you detect capsule?

back 41

by using negative staining

front 42

What is the glycocalyx substance that is loosely attached to the cell wall and unorganized?

back 42

slime layer- doesn't let small particles to penetrate and easily deformed.

front 43

Who was the first person to show direct evidence that DNA is genetic material?

back 43

Frederick Griffith's Experiment (Sneak Peek)through a process called bacterial transformation
Used Streptococcus pneumoniae: used mice and injected them with the S strain-which were encapsulated which killed the mice. The R strain couldn't attach and the WBCs could kill it- it is virulent. Heat killed S strain but when the R strain was put in with the heat killed S strain there was just enough to activate the S- strain and kill the mice.

front 44

Motility occurs in when bacteria have?

back 44

flagella (singular- flagellum)which are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

front 45

Flagella may be:

back 45

peritrochous-distributed over entire organism
polar-at one or both poles at ends of cells
monotrichus-one polar flagellum
lophotrichus-a tuft of flagella at one end
amphitrichous-flagella at both ends

front 46

Flagella have 2 types of movement what are they?

back 46

Runs- move from one location to another
tumble-move directions/random
If bacteria is in an unfavorable environment there will be more tumbles and less runs and opposite if environment is favorable there will be more runs less tumbles.

front 47

What is taxis?

back 47

allowing bacteria to move either towards or away from a particular stimulus through the use its flagella. Bacteria respond environment via receptors. Receptors interact with cytoplasmic proteins which in turn affect the rotation of the flagella.
Chemotaxis is a response to a chemical
Phototaxis is a response to light

front 48

The 3 components of flagellar anatomy:

back 48

Filament: protrudes from cell, made of protein-flagellin- could be different types of flagellins
Hook (anchors filament) connects filament to motor protein
Basal Body rod and rings
Gram - 4 rings anchor basal body into cell
Gram + 2 rings anchor basal body into cell

front 49

Axial filaments are:

back 49

unique to spirochetes
also called endoflagella
always gram -
spirals around cell under sheath- skin
endoflagella rotates causing cell to move in corkscrew fashion- which may allow certain bacteria to move through bodily fluids easily.

front 50

Fimbriae can occur at ________ or _____________.

back 50

polar ends or all over the surface of the cell
there can be a few or 100s

front 51

Fimbriae are for? And are made of?

back 51

attachment to surfaces or hosts
proteins

front 52

What are pili and what is their job?

back 52

Are shorter than fimbriae and only number in 1 or 2
They are involved in motility and DNA transfer
Conjugation is when the pili allow the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (sex pili)

front 53

The prokaryotic cell wall has:

back 53

High concentration of solutes - solute concentration changes between cell walls- subjects the wall to turgor pressure

front 54

The main function of the prokaryotic cell wall is to____________?

back 54

Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside. Helps maintain the shape of the bacterium and serves as a point of anchorage for the flagella.

front 55

Do Mycoplasma and Archaea have cell walls?

back 55

no

front 56

Bacterial cell wall is made up of ______________.

back 56

peptidoglycan (or murein) = protein and sugar

front 57

Archaea is made up of?

back 57

pseudopeptidoglycan or pseudomurein

front 58

The disaccharide is made up monosaccharides called?

back 58

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

front 59

True or false.90% of cell wall consists of peptidoglycans?

back 59

true

front 60

How do antibiotics affect the cell wall?

back 60

penicillin interferes with the final linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross over bridges. As a result the cell wall is greatly weakened and the cell undergoes lysis, destruction caused by the rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm.
Because of cell lysis with antibiotics you may feel worse before you feel better.

front 61

Gram positive cell walls consists of many layers of _________ and gram negative cell walls ________.

back 61

peptidoglycan forming a thick, rigid structure
thin layer of peptidoglycan

front 62

The cell walls of gram positive cell walls contain teichoic acid which primarily consist of an alcohol and phosphate. The 2 classes of teichoic acid are ________ and _______________.

back 62

lipoteichoic acid-which spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane.
wall teichoic acid which is inked to the peptidoglycan layer.

front 63

Because of the negative charge from the phosphates the teichoic acids may bind and regulate the movements of the ____________ into and out of the cell.

back 63

Cations- positive ions

front 64

Gram negative cell walls are only ________% of ________.

back 64

10% of peptidoglycan

front 65

The cell wall of a gram negative cell is embedded into the_________________.

back 65

periplasm a gel like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane.

front 66

The outer membrane of the gram - cell is

back 66

lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids

front 67

The gram negative bacterial wall has a lipid A component of the LPS which is _____________.

back 67

toxic- endotoxin

front 68

The lipid A is released when the______________.

back 68

bacterial cell dies

front 69

Lipid A is associated with the symptoms of infection by gram negative bacteria such as ______,
_________,_________, and ___________________.

back 69

fever
dilation of blood vessels
shock
blood clotting

front 70

plasma membrane has a lipid bi-layer which consists mainly of ________________.

back 70

phospholipids

front 71

Phospholipids are _______ or ______________ and have 2 components ____________ or ________________.

back 71

saturated or unsaturated
fatty acids- hydrophobic (water fearing)
glycerol- hydrophilic (water loving)

front 72

Tails of phospholipids are ______________ the polar heads are ___________________.

back 72

hydrophobic
hydrophillic

front 73

Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of _________ to __________.

back 73

high concentration to an area of low concentration

front 74

Equilibrium is when______________________.

back 74

The ions or molecules are of even distribution.

front 75

Water is a ______________?

back 75

solvent

front 76

Solutes are?

back 76

particles

front 77

Moving high to low is going _________________.

back 77

with the concentration gradient

front 78

Moving low to high is going ___________.

back 78

against the concentration gradient- requires a lot of energy

front 79

Facilitated diffusion is?

back 79

going from higher to lower but needing the help of a protein to get across the membrane the protein is the channel.

front 80

Transport is solvent moving such as ______________.

back 80

osmosis - more water to dilute the solutes down

front 81

Osmosis is the?

back 81

The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to a low concentration of solvent molecules (high solute concentration).

front 82

Isotonic solution

back 82

No net movement =

front 83

hypotonic solution

back 83

outside the cell concentration of solutes lower than inside the cell.

front 84

What are ribosomes?

back 84

They are the site for protein synthesis

front 85

What is an inclusion body?

back 85

are storage compartments for different substances

front 86

internal features of bacteria are:

back 86

Nucleoid- contains DNA-mass of genetic material

plasmids- circular double stranded DNA-this is not required for day to day survival and turns on only when needed (e.g. antibiotic resistance)

Endospores- reserve some genetic material-older the growth the more endospores

inclusions

front 87

Inclusions are?

back 87

storage of compounds- polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, gas vacuoles- which are photosynthetic and make them float

front 88

metachromatic granules

back 88

not usually a storage compartment
contains chains of magnetic particles
function as internal magnets
orient cells
Northern-southern hemisphere