front 1 Microbes-also called micro organisms | back 1 Are minute living things that individually are too small to be seen with unaided eye |
front 2 What groups are included in microbes. | back 2 Bacteria, fungi ( yeasts and molds), Protozoa , and microscopic algae and viruses. |
front 3 The majority of of micro organisms actually help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment. True or False. | back 3 True |
front 4 What forms the basis of food chain oceans, lakes and rivers? | back 4 marine and freshwater microorganisms |
front 5 What do soil microbes do? | back 5 break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds, thereby recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life and air. |
front 6 Why do humans and animals depend on microbes in their intestines? | back 6 For digestion and the synthesis of of some vitamins that their bodies require including some vitamin b for metabolism and vitamin k for blood clotting. |
front 7 In 1914, Chaim Weizmann discovered? And what is the importance of this? | back 7 The process by which microbes produce acetone and butanol. The importance of this was WW1 was breaking out and his discovery produced cordite a smokeless form of gun powder used in munitions. It played a significant role in the outcome of the war. |
front 8 What can microbial enzymes do? | back 8 They can be manipulated to produce substances that they don't normally synthesize. Such as cellulose, digestive aids, and other therapeutic substances such as insulin. |
front 9 What is pathogenic? | back 9 Disease producing |
front 10 Why do hospital workers need to know about microbes more so than other people? | back 10 Because they are working with the sick and injured and microbes that are usually harmless can pose a threat to sick/injured patients. |
front 11 Andrea has what appears to be a small spider bite but it turns out to be a staph infection. The doctor prescribes B-lactam antibiotic why doesn't kill the staph? | back 11 The Staph Aureus is resistant to the B-lactam antibiotic |
front 12 What is staph the common name for? | back 12 Staphyloccoccus aureus bacteria |
front 13 True or false. Staph is carried on the skin by about 30% of the population? | back 13 True |
front 14 What is MRSA staph? | back 14 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus |
front 15 why wouldn't the B-lactam antibiotic kill the MRSA? | back 15 MRSA produces B-lactamase an an enzyme that destroys B-latam antibiotics. |
front 16 How does antibiotic resistance occur? | back 16 Mutations develop randomly and some are nothing and some are fatal and some beneficial. Once these mutations develop the offspring of the parent cells also carry the same mutation. Because they have an advantage in the presence of the antibiotic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics soon out number those that are susceptible to antibiotic therapy. The widespread use of antibiotics selectively allows the resistant bacteria to grow whereas susceptible bacteria are killed. Eventually almost all the entire population is is resistant to antibiotic |
front 17 How does MRSA enter the body? | back 17 Through skin abrasions from the environmental surfaces or other people. |
front 18 Who developed the nomenaclature system? | back 18 Carolus Linnaeus (1735) |
front 19 How many names is is each living organism given? | back 19 2 |
front 20 The two name consist of a ___________and a __________ both if which are underlined or italicized. | back 20 A genus and a specific epithet |
front 21 Genus (plural- genera) | back 21 Is the first name and is always capitialized |
front 22 specific eepithet (species name) | back 22 second follows the genus and is not capitalized |
front 23 scientific names can describe: | back 23 an organism, honor a researcher, or identify the habitat of a species (e.g. staphylococcus aureus Staphylo- describes the cluster arrangement of the cells ; coccus indicates that they are shaped like spheres. The specific epithet aureus id lati for golden the color of many colonies of the bacterium. |
front 24 Who is the bacterium Escherichia coli get its nae? | back 24 Theodor Escherich -genus
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front 25 Bsctria | back 25 (singular: bacterium: are simply single-celled organisms.
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front 26 Is bacteria's genetic material enclosed in a specil nuclear membrane? | back 26 No |
front 27 Bacteria cells are called | back 27 prokaryotes- Greek meaning prenucleus |
front 28 Bacterial cells appear in one of several shapes: name them. | back 28 Bacillus- rodlike
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front 29 Individual bateria may form, ________, __________, ______________or othe groupings; such formations are usually charactersitic of a particular genus or species of bacteria. | back 29 pairs
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front 30 Bacteria are enclosed in cell walls that are primarily composed of a ________ and a _________ complex called _______________. | back 30 carbohydrate
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front 31 How does bacteria reproduce? | back 31 dividing into two equal cells |
front 32 When bacteria divide into 2 equal parts this is called? | back 32 binary fission |
front 33 Where does bacteria get its nutrition? | back 33 Use organic chemicals which can derived fro either dad or lving organisms. Some bacteria can manufacture their own food by photosynthesis and some can derive nutrition from inorganic substances. |
front 34 How can many bacteria swim? | back 34 Using moving appendages caleed flagella |
front 35 Archaea is the same and differs from bacteria by: | back 35 Consist of prokaryotic cells but if they have walls the walls peptidoglycan. |
front 36 Name the 3 groups that archaea are divided into: | back 36 methanogens: produce methane as a waste product from respiration
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front 37 True or false; archaea or not known to cause disease in humans. | back 37 True |
front 38 Salmoneela enterica
| back 38 Honors microbiologist Daniel Salmon (source of genus name)
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front 39 Streptococcus pyogenes
| back 39 Appearance of cell in chains (strepto)
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front 40 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
| back 40 fungus (myces) that uses sugar (saccharo)
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front 41 Fungi (singular- fungus) | back 41 Are eukaryotes; organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material (DNA, surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane |
front 42 Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi may be _________or ______________. | back 42 unicellular or multicellular |
front 43 True or false. Fungi can not carry out photosynthesis | back 43 true |
front 44 True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of ___________. | back 44 chitin |
front 45 The unicellular form of fungi is _____________. | back 45 yeast |
front 46 The most typical from of fungi are ________. | back 46 molds |
front 47 olds form visible masses called_____________. | back 47 mycelia-cottony growths |
front 48 Fungi can reproduce_________ or __________________. | back 48 sexually or asexually |
front 49 Fungi gets nourishment by absorbing solutions of _____________________. | back 49 organic material from their environment |
front 50 Protozoa (singular- protozoan) | back 50 unicellular eukaryotic microbes |
front 51 Protozoa move by _________ or __________ and _______________. | back 51 pseudopods
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front 52 Amebae move by using extenions of their cytoplasm called ____________. | back 52 pseudopods |
front 53 Protozoa live either as ________ or as ____________. | back 53 Free entities
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front 54 Euglena are _______________. | back 54 Photosynthetic - they use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon to produce sugars. |
front 55 Protozoa can reproduce________ or ____________. | back 55 Sexually or asexually |
front 56 Algae (singular alga) | back 56 are photosynthetic eukaryotes |
front 57 The cell walls of many algae are composed of ____________. | back 57 cellulose |
front 58 Algae produce _____________ and ______________. | back 58 oxygen and carbohydrates that are utilized by other organisms |
front 59 Viruses | back 59 They are so small can only be seen with a electron microscope and they are acellular (not cellular) |
front 60 Structure of a virus | back 60 a virus particle contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA. |
front 61 Viruses can only reproduce by_________________. | back 61 Only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms. |
front 62 Viruses are considered to be living only when they multiply within the host cells that they infect. | back 62 on the other hand they are not considered living because the are inert outside living hosts |
front 63 Animal parasites are | back 63 eukaryotes - flat worms and round worms are parasitic worms |
front 64 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification based on the cellular organization of an organism. What are those classifications? | back 64 Bacteria
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front 65 In 1665, Robert Hooke discovered | back 65 individual cells and marked the beginning of cell theory- that all living things are comprised of cells |
front 66 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed | back 66 live microorganisms through the magnify lenses of 400 microscopes in rain water and feces and he drew pictures of them which were later identified as bacteris and protozoa |
front 67 What is spontaneous generation? | back 67 that forms of life can spontaneously arise from nonliving matter |
front 68 Biogenesis | back 68 living cells can arise rom preexisting living cells |
front 69 Louis Pasteur demonstrated that: | back 69 micro-organisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions but the air itself can not contaminate sterile solutions. |
front 70 Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be destroyed by? | back 70 heat- aseptic techniques to keep things sterile |
front 71 When was the Golden age of microbiology? | back 71 1857-1914 |
front 72 Yeasts converts sugars to alcohol is called? | back 72 fermentation
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front 73 What is the process called that kills off most of the bacteria that causes spoilage? | back 73 pasteurization |
front 74 What is the germ theory of disease? | back 74 That microorganisms might cause disease |
front 75 In the 1860's Joseph Lister a surgeon applied germ theory to ______________. | back 75 Medical procedures- he knew that fever and other ailments were being passed from person to person when medical instruments we not cleaned and hands not washed. He realized that phenol (carbolic acid) killed bacteria so he began treating surgical wounds with phenol. |
front 76 What did Lister's findings prove? | back 76 Proved that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections |
front 77 Who and when was the first person to prove that bacteria actually cause disease? | back 77 Robert Koch in 1876 |
front 78 What did Koch discover? | back 78 rod shaped bacteria now known as Bacillus anthrax in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax. |
front 79 What is Koch's postulates? | back 79 a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease. |
front 80 Vaccination | back 80 the process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also known as an immunzation |
front 81 Vaccine was discovered by ______________. | back 81 Edward Jenner - small pox using cow pox a much milder version to see if having a milder version could protect you from getting small pix. |
front 82 Immunity is________________________. | back 82 Protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself) |
front 83 Why did Pasteur say vaccines worked? | back 83 Bacteria lost its virulence or became avirulent when grown in the laboratory. This would induce immunity against subsequent virulent counterparts. |
front 84 What did Pasteur use the term vaccine for? | back 84 Cultures of virulent microorganisms used for preventative inoculation. |
front 85 An example of using a substance to destroy a pathogenic microorganisms without harming the infected animal or human is ____________. | back 85 Chemotherapy |
front 86 Chemotherapy is_____________________________. | back 86 Treatment of disease using a chemical substance
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front 87 Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms are called _______________. | back 87 Antibiotics |
front 88 Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab are called_________. | back 88 synthetic drugs |
front 89 The success of chemotherapy is based on ___________________________. | back 89 The fact that some chemicals are more poisonous to microorganisms than to the hosts infected with the microbes. |
front 90 The first synthetic drug salvarsan (arsenic derivative) was discovered by Paul Ehrlich and was used against _________________________? | back 90 syphillis |
front 91 Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered_________________? | back 91 Antibiotics |
front 92 What was the mold that Fleming was looking at that inhibited the growth of the bacterium? | back 92 Penicillium notatum and he named the mold's active inhibitor penicillin |
front 93 True or false the toxicity of microorganisms to humans is a leading cause as to why medicines for treating viral diseases. | back 93 True |
front 94 True or false. Viral growth depends on the life processes of normal cells? | back 94 True |
front 95 What causes resistance to antibiotics? | back 95 Genetic changes in microbes that allows them to tolerate a small amount of antibiotic that would typically inhibit them. |
front 96 Bacteriology is the ___________________________. | back 96 study of bacteria |
front 97 Mycology is _______________________________________. | back 97 the study of fungi |
front 98 Parasitology is _________________________. | back 98 The study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
front 99 Genomics is _______________________. | back 99 the study of all of an organism's genes |
front 100 Genomics has allowed scientists to classify bacteria and fungi according to their___________________________. | back 100 Genetic relationships with other bacteria, fungi. and protozoa. |
front 101 Immunology is ________________________. | back 101 The study of immunity and have produced vaccines against numerous diseases such as MMR (German Measles) mumps and chicken pox |
front 102 Virology | back 102 The study of viruses |
front 103 Recombinant DNA technology brought about two related fields know as ______________and __________________. | back 103 microbial genetics and molecular biology |
front 104 Microbial genetics is ___________________________. | back 104 The mechanism by which microorganisms inherit traits |
front 105 Molecular biology studies______________________. | back 105 how genetic information is carrie in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins/ |
front 106 Normal microbiota or flora | back 106 Do humans no harm and actually benefit u by protecting us against disease and some produce helpful substances such as vitamin K and B |
front 107 What is a biofilm? | back 107 a complex aggregation of microbes (e.g. slime on a rock, biofilm on teeth) |
front 108 Infectious disease is a ___________________________________. | back 108 A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host |
front 109 Name some emerging infectious diseases: | back 109 West Nile
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front 110 In the 1980s MRSA emerged and became endemic. True or false? | back 110 true |