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Principles of Eco Exam 2 Ch 15

front 1

Another word for positive interactions

back 1

Facilitation

front 2

Mutually beneficial interaction
between individuals of two species (+ / +
relationship)

Ex. Gut microbiota (plant mycorrhizae)

back 2

Mutualism

front 3

individuals of one species benefit; individuals of the other species do not benefit but are not harmed (+/0 relationship).

Ex. follicle mites

back 3

Commensalism

front 4

Two species live in close physiological contact with each other.
• Symbioses can include parasitism (+/–),
commensalism (+/0), and mutualism (+/+).

back 4

Symbiosis

front 5

Two major types of Mycorrhizae

Fig 15.4

back 5

Ectomycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

front 6

What does fungi help do?

back 6

Protect the plants from pathogens

Improve plant growth and survival

Supply plants with carbs

front 7

Corals form a mutualism
with symbiotic algae
(zooxanthellae) by

back 7

The coral provides the alga with a home, nutrients and the alga with carbs

front 8

relationships that have coevolved where each organism depends on the other (not optional

Ex. fig and fig wasps

back 8

Obligate interactions

front 9

relationships that are optional (not obligate) and show few signs of coevolution

Ex. deer and seed dispersal

back 9

Facultative interactions

front 10

In a mutual interaction, the partners do what?

net effect is advantageous

back 10

Not altruistic

Take actions to promote their own best interests

front 11

Mutualist receives energy or nutrients from its partner

Ex. ants and fungus, mycorrhizae

back 11

Trophic mutualisms

front 12

One partner provides the other with shelter, living space, or favorable habitat.

back 12

Habitat mutualisms

front 13

One partner performs an ecological service for the other

ex. fig-fig wasp

back 13

Service mutualisms

front 14

In a mutualism, net benefits must exceed net costs for

back 14

both partners

n if the environment change and benefit is reduced or cost increase, outcome may change

front 15

Great-spotted cuckoos and carion crows went from parasitism to mutualism how?

back 15

Cuckoos are brood parasites – they
lay eggs in another species nest for
them to raise.
• Canestari et al. showed that this
parasitism can actually benefit the
crows in areas of high predations

front 16

individuals that increase offspring
production by overexploiting their mutualistic
partner.

occurs, interaction wont persist

back 16

Cheaters

front 17

The benefits from mutualism and commensalism can ultimately increase

back 17

growth, survival, or reproduction of the interacting species

front 18

How would you experimentally determine the
benefits that the trees get from the ants?

back 18

set up plots with ants present and absent
and measure different aspects of the acacia tree (abundance, size, percent mortality, growth, etc

front 19

Fig 15.19 Many coral reef fish have service mutualisms with smaller organisms (cleaners)
that remove parasites from
the fish (clients)

back 19

The benefit the client
receives is greater than the
energy benefit it could gain
by eating the cleaner

front 20

Increase ocean temp can lead to

back 20

coral bleaching resulting in death

front 21

Bee colony collapse disorder (CC) threatens ecosystems dependent on

back 21

their pollination services