front 1 Explain what happened to the field of vision with an increased magnifications? | back 1 With an increase of magnifications the field of vision decreased. ( see smaller) |
front 2 Explain the procedure for focusing a slide under 100x. Begin with 4X and include, how emissions oil is placed on a slide? | back 2
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front 3 Why is immersion oil use with the 100x objectives? | back 3 To refract the light and to see clearer and shaper |
front 4 State function of the iris diagram? | back 4 To control the amount of light that that pass through the specimen. |
front 5 Explain the difference between magnifications and resolution? | back 5 Magnifications is control the size while resolution control the clarity of how clear and sharpe you could see. |
front 6 Defined the term of working distance? | back 6 The distance between the objectives lens ans the specimen |
front 7 State what happen to working distance when magnification increases? | back 7 When magnification increase the working distance decrease. ( probably see a small portion ot the image ) |
front 8 Explain why you think the light microscope is important for Understanding the biology you are studying in this course, especially studying bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa? | back 8 Because bacteria are to small to see with the naked eyes so we used light microscope for clarity. |
front 9 There are various types of microscopes. Why are there are so many different type of microscopes and what specific observations can be made using the microscopes mentioned? | back 9 Because of the different bacteria structure for example some microscopes are use to see shape while others for movement |
front 10 What information of other field of biology can be gained by studying bacteria? | back 10 We can utilities them for bio remediation and also we would be able to identify the pathogenic and non pathogenic bacteria and and what to used for treatment |
front 11 Give an example of basic and acidic dye? | back 11
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front 12 Explain why basic dye are often used in microbiology? | back 12 Because bacteria are to small to see with the naked eyes so we use stains for contrasts and visibility |
front 13 Defined bacteria cell morphology? | back 13 It the shapes, the size, the structure of a bacteria |
front 14 Name three common bacteria shape? | back 14
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front 15 Explain the steps involved in preparing a smear front a broth culture. How would this procedure differ if a bacteria culture an agar slant was used? | back 15 The step for s broth culture
The difference between broth and crystal is that for agar would need to added water before Smearing while for the broth is already liquid it doesn't require to added water. |
front 16 Why are Smear heat fixed prior to staining? | back 16 To kill and prepare the bacteria or for adherence into the glass slide . |
front 17 Described the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus? | back 17 It will appear purple for gram staining with rod like shape cluster together |
front 18 State one advantage or disadvantage of heat fixing bacterial smears? | back 18
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front 19 Described other ways. That microorganisms could be examined and identify beyond the techniques you perform in lab? | back 19 By using the DNA pylomorase methods |
front 20 How do you think some of the earlier scientists discovered there were benefits or advantage to using certain dyes in order to stain cell they were observing under the microscope? | back 20 Through trial and errors |
front 21 give an example of a gram positive rod ? | back 21
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front 22 Described the gram reaction and morphology of Staphylococcus aureus? | back 22 They are gram positive bacteria with cocci shape |
front 23 Explain why iodine is used in the Gram staining procedure? | back 23 To help intensity the bacteria and also help it bind to the stain to form the crystal violet |
front 24 Explain why it is necessary to use 2 stains crystal violet and safranin in gram staining? | back 24 Because of the different structure of cell wall for example gram-positive have a thick cell wall which make it hard to bind to the layer while gram negative have a thin cell wall |
front 25 Explain gram stain is considered a differential staining procedure? | back 25 Because we used more than one fye and also it help differentiates into group base on their chemical reaction |
front 26 State one factor that effect gram staining result? | back 26 Not properly Smear which result in the cell being damaged |
front 27 How would a person who's colorblind go about interpreting gram staining results? | back 27 By suing a contrast magnification or by using a colleague. |
front 28 If you want to observe colonies of S.marcescens, what form of culture medium would you used ? Explain why | back 28 I would used a solid agar because it help to observer the individual colonies |
front 29 Why are the necks of test tube flamed during the aseptice transfer procedure? | back 29 To help sterilize and prevent contamination |
front 30 Are there any situations where it would be important to study microbiology without using pure cultures? Provide an explanation for your answer | back 30 Yes because of their natural environment |
front 31 Studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, have recently been conducted by isolating the DNA of M. tuberculosis from patients. Explain the possible advantage and disadvantages of conducting studies in this manner? | back 31
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front 32 Explains in a series of step how to transfer a bacteria culture from an agar slamt to a test tube of nutrients broth? | back 32
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front 33 Why it is important to become skills and efficient in aseptic transfer techniques? | back 33 Because it help ensure accurate results and maintenance safety and contamination |
front 34 Name three source of bacteria contaminated | back 34
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front 35 E.coli is aseptically transferred into thbe of nutrients btoh and if incubation for 34 hourse at 37C . Describe the appearance of the tube indicating E.coli grew? | back 35 It would appear milky and cloudy |
front 36 Defined the term colony? | back 36 A growth of visible cluster of bacteria living together |
front 37 State one reason why acid fast organisms are hard to stain? | back 37 Because of their waxy lipid layer known as mycolic acid in the cell wall |
front 38 Explain why acid-fast staining is considered a differential staining procedure. Your answer should be specific for acid-fast staining? | back 38 It difference between them is the cell wall |
front 39 In the acid- fasting staining procedure performed in this exercise, how were mycolic acids solubilize so that the cells would absorb the dye? | back 39 In one of the experiment for the Staphylococcus aureus the bacteria was positive and it appeared of the color blue |
front 40 Are mycolic acid soluble in acid alcohol or carbolfuchin ? Explain your answer | back 40 Mycolic acid soluble in carbolfuchin because of they cell wall that contain a hight amount of mycolic acid which make them hydrophobic |
front 41 Explain why an acid- fasting procedure would be performed on a sputum sample? | back 41 More accurate result of detecting the bacteria |
front 42 Name a bacteria that would stain red upon performing the acid' fast staining? | back 42 Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
front 43 Name a hacterua that would stain green upon performing the acid- fast staining? | back 43 Mycobacterium smegmatis |
front 44 Name a bacteria that is acid fast | back 44 Mycobacterium sgmegmatis |
front 45 Explain the similarities and differences between acid-fast staining and gram staining? | back 45
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front 46 Sudan IV is a dye used to detect and stain lipids. Explain the differences in appearance between an acid-fast and a non acid-fast staining with Sudan IV? | back 46 The differences is the lipid content in the cell wall of acid fast which allow them to penetrate better in Sudan IV |
front 47 State one reason why capsules are hard to stain? | back 47 Because they are water soluble and therefore do not retain stains |
front 48 Name basic dye used in capsules staining? | back 48 India ink |
front 49 Explain why capsule staining is considered a a combination of both simple and negative staining procedure? | back 49 Because we utilize a basic dye stain for the simple of the cell and acid dye for background of the cell |
front 50 Name one bacterium that capable of producing a capsule ? | back 50 Klebsiella pneumoniae |
front 51 State one way that capsule increase virulence of an organism? | back 51 Because it allow the bacteria to adhere to the surface and inhibits phagocytosis by the white blood cell |
front 52 State difference between capsules and endospores? | back 52
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front 53 Explain why a capsule inhibits phagocytosis | back 53 It make it harder for immune system to recognize it |
front 54 Explain why a negative stain is prepared prior to heat fixing when performing a capsule? | back 54 To preserve the natural form |
front 55 Capsule-producing bacteria tend to grow well and produce large capsule on skim milk agar. Why do you think this is so? | back 55 Because the nutrient promote bacetria growth and capsule production |
front 56 State one reason why endospores are hard to stain? | back 56 Because of their chemical resistance |
front 57 Name two genera of bacteria that can produce endospores? | back 57 Bacillus and Clostridium |
front 58 Name the dye used to stain endospores? | back 58 Safranin |
front 59 Why is stains endospores? | back 59 To lower the surface tension so that the dye can penetrate the endospore |
front 60 If dipicolonic acid was removed from endospores what would happen? | back 60 It will not be able to resisted the heat |
front 61 What would happens when too much steam is used during endospores staining? | back 61 It would result to inaccurate staining result |
front 62 Why are endospores a concern for people that prepare home canned, non- acidic vegetable such as beans ? | back 62 Because it would result in contamination of the food which could caused illness |
front 63 Endospores are sometimes describe as dormant cell. Explain why? | back 63 Because of of their protective structure and metabolic inactivaty |
front 64 There are times when our drinking water become contaminated with bacteria when from raw sewage. When this happens, citizens are instructed to boil the water for a certain number of minutes to kill the bacteria do you think all the bacteria in the water killed?Explain your answer | back 64 Some of the bacteria are being killed, not all of them, because some have a layer of protective that made them able to live in harsh conditions |
front 65 An autoclave is a piece of laboratory equipment used to sterilize laboratory and stream It surgical inc. Equipment and culture media, how it is possible for an orto clave to destroy tenderspoEquipment and culture media, how it is possible for an autoclave to destroy endospore? | back 65 By using high pressure steam, which able to penetrate that protective layer. |
front 66 Explain the difference between optimal and maximum temperature? | back 66
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front 67 Explain how temperature affect microbial Growth? | back 67 By slowing down microbial molecules functions, denature, solidify. |
front 68 Classify the following organism as Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles?
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front 69 Explain what will happen to a microbe if it grown 10° above its maximum temperature? | back 69 It could slow down the function of the microbe which could result in death . |
front 70 Name a bacterium that is a Thermophiles? | back 70 Themus aquaticus |
front 71 Give an example of a microbe that can grow in each if the following?
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front 72 Explain how PH affects microbial Growth? | back 72 Altered membrane transport, altered enzyme functioning, Changing protein gradient |
front 73 An investigator finds that a particular microbe optimally grow at a ph of 4.5. Describe what would happens if the microbe is place in a ph broth of 2.5? | back 73 The growth rate would likely decrease |
front 74 Explain why humans inhibit the growth of certain microbes? | back 74 Because the human skin ph is acidic, which create a favorite environment that benefits the microbe. |
front 75 What class of microbes acidophiled, naturophile or Thermophiles will you most likely expect to grow in vagina of human females? Explain your answer | back 75 Acidophiles because those microbe thrive in those conditions. |
front 76 Are there instruments that will be used to prevent alterations in ph that will inhibit microbial growth over time? Explain your answer | back 76 Yes for example ph meter which monitors and maintain stable ph and promote growth |
front 77 A person regularly consume over the counter antacid ? Explain the effects this might have ob the normal flora of the digestive system | back 77 Altered the normal floral would likely to increase the stomach ph which can result over the growth of bacteria |
front 78 Explain how solute concentration affect microbial Growth? | back 78 By affecting osmotic pressure and membrane lipid integrity |
front 79 Explain the recent so can be used as a food preservative? | back 79 By reducing moisture and water activity |
front 80 Explain the difference between a halophile and halotolerant organism? | back 80
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front 81 Why do jams and jellies rarely become contaminated with bacteria or mold? | back 81 Because of the hight concentration of sugar which create a hypertonic environments for the bacteria to lived in it |
front 82 A microbiologist inoculated, an extreme halophiles in nutrients both containing 1% NaCl and the tube is incubated and then examined. Predict what the microbiologist will see and provide an explanation for your answer? | back 82 Would likely to be observed limited or no growth microbe. |
front 83 Explain the difference between an osmophile and halophiles? | back 83
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front 84 Name a bacteria genus that is halotolerant ? | back 84 Halothiobacillus neapolitanus |
front 85 Name an extreme halophiles and a location on earth where extreme halophiles live ? | back 85 The ocean, lake |
front 86 What adaptations od bacteria have in order to increase the water concentration inside their class when they are in an environment of hight solute concentration, such as existence in slat marsh? | back 86 They would likely exchange k+ to proton to keep osmosis balance |
front 87 Is there any potential disadvantage to using high solute concentration as a sound food preservative?explain your answer | back 87 One would be health concern or alteration, calcium loss |
front 88 What us the function of reassuring in thioglycollate broth? | back 88 To determine how various organisms tolerate oxygen |
front 89 Described the concentration of oxygen throughout a tube of thioglycollate broth | back 89 The most will be at the top, some might in the middle, and no oxygen in the bottom |
front 90 What does the anaerobes use the oxygen it requires for ? | back 90 For growth and their metabolic function |
front 91 Why can a facultative anaerobes grow in the presence of oxygen but an anaerobes cannot? | back 91 Because of the capability and metabolic adaptation of the facultative anaerobes whole for anaerobes they can't because of their lack of protective mechanisms against oxygen |
front 92 Defined the term microaerophile? | back 92 Those organism that need oxygen for growth and metabolic function while they are living and environment with lower oxygen |
front 93 Name a microbe that is anearobes | back 93 Clostridium perfringens |
front 94 Based on their oxygen requirement what type of organism would you expect to find in?
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front 95 An instrument known as a Gas-pak is used to grow anaerobs. Explain how it work | back 95 It work generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide gas which remove oxygen from a seal container |
front 96 For each of the type of organism listed, explain if it would grow in a Gas-peak?
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front 97 One of the treatment for gas gangrene is oxygen therapy. Explain why this treatment would be the effective to treat this disease? | back 97 By killing the growth of the bacteria which lead to death of the cell. |