front 1 T/F All cells monitor their intracellular and extracellular environment and respond accordingly | back 1 True! |
front 2 What are effector proteins? | back 2 When activated, these proteins change themselves to carry out whatever action the signal tells it to do |
front 3 What are the 4 types of intercellular signaling? | back 3
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front 4 Describe contact-dependent signaling | back 4 The cells must be directly touching each other (intimate conversation) |
front 5 Describe Paracrine signaling | back 5 One cell secretes signals that the surrounding cells pick up (discussion among friends) |
front 6 Describe Synaptic signaling | back 6 Neurotransmitters in neurons |
front 7 Describe Endocrine signaling | back 7 Hormones (are signals) are secreted into the bloodstream and travels through the body to other cells (Public broadcast) |
front 8 T/F Cells don't always need a signal to survive | back 8 False! Cells need a constant signal to tell them that they are alive |
front 9 T/F Cells can only accept one type of signal at a time | back 9 False! There can be multiple signals that the cell can intake in one time |
front 10 Do all cells respond in the same way to the same signal? | back 10 Nope! Depending on the type of cell that receives the signal, the outcome will be different |
front 11 Describe the types of signals | back 11
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front 12 Describe the types of receptors | back 12
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front 13 What are the 3 major classes of cell-surface receptors? | back 13
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front 14 Second Messengers | back 14 They are the small chemicals that generate after the original signal binds the receptor. It goes on to bind to others proteins down its path |
front 15 What are the 2 states in which a molecular switch protein can be in? | back 15 Active and inactive |
front 16 The discussion video you chose about Ser/Tyr kinases and how it switches and affects the other | back 16 Phosphorylating a protein can lead to activating, deactivating it or signaling other proteins to bind to it. The kinases that phosphorylate the 3 amino acids (Ser, Tyr, Thr), Serine kinase can also phosphorylate Threonine as well. |
front 17 How do heterotrimeric GTPases work? | back 17 A transmembrane proteins with one end outside (receptor) and one end inside (alpha, beta, gamma subunits). Once phosphorylated, the alpha subunit takes the GTP and is separated from the 2 other subunits to bind with other enzymes |
front 18 How do monomeric GTPases work? | back 18 When it is inactivated, it is bound to GDP. A GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor), will switch the GDP out with a GTP to make the protein activated. To deactivate it once again, a GAP (GTPase-activating protein) will replace the GTP with a GDP. |
front 19 What are scaffolding proteins? | back 19 A large protein that binds to a whole bunch of signaling proteins to prepare it for downstream signaling action. |
front 20 Can Scaffolding proteins be preassembled? | back 20 Yes they can be preassembled, or assembled after getting a signal from the receptor |
front 21 T/F Some proteins can contain only interaction domains and serve as adaptor/scaffold proteins | back 21 True |
front 22 What do modular domains do? | back 22 They help determine which proteins will bind where on the cell. It helps to evolve new pathways |
front 23 What does Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding (PBT) like to bind to? | back 23 Phosphorylated tyrosines |
front 24 What does Src homology 3 (SH3) domains like to bind to? | back 24 Proline rich sequences |
front 25 What does pleckstrin homology (PH) domains like to bind to? | back 25 PIP (a group of phosphates within a cell membrane) |
front 26 Signal responses are _____ if it is changing existing protein conformation/phosphorylation and are ____ if it requires new transcription/translation | back 26 Faster/ slower |
front 27 Signal responses over a signal concentration can be ______ in response to hormones, or ______ in response to a cell division signal | back 27 Gradual/ all or none |
front 28 T/F Positive and Negative Feedback loops are very common in signaling pathways | back 28 True |
front 29 What is P ositive feedback? | back 29 Stimulus ->A -> B ->makes more A. It will increase the amplitude of the signal. |
front 30 What does Positive Feedback do? | back 30 Makes the response persistent (bistable). Good for stable long term changes in the cell |
front 31 What is Negative Feedback? | back 31 Stimulus -> A -> B-> inhibits A It will dampen responses causing oscillations |
front 32 What does Negative Feedback do? | back 32 It helps adaption and desensitization |
front 33 T/F G-protein receptors are the smallest family of cell surface receptor | back 33 False. They are the largest family with 800 total and 150 orphans (don't know what it binds to) |
front 34 How does G-proteins regulate production of cyclic AMP? | back 34 GPCRs depending on what they are coupled to will produce a Gs ( from stimulatory protein) or a Gi (from an inhibitory protein) |
front 35 T/F All the cells use Ca2+ as an ubiquitous second messenger | back 35 True. All cells do |
front 36 ______ is an abundant protein that is allosterically activated by Ca2+ | back 36 Calmodulin |
front 37 Calmodulin binds to this molecule which serves as a short term "memory" device to respond to Ca2+ oscillations of high frequency | back 37 CaM kinases |
front 38 How does NO (Nitric Oxide) mediate signaling between cells? | back 38 It is dissolved so they can easily diffuse through neighboring cell membranes to activate guanylyl and produce cGMP. That leads to the relaxing of smooth muscles. |
front 39 What does activation of GPCR kinases (GRK) do? | back 39 It phosphorylates the receptor and causes binding of arrestin to prevent the signaling of molecules through G proteins. |