5. Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Charta."
a. Federal Reserve Act
b. Underwood Tariff Act
c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
d. Wagner National Labor Relations Act
e. Workmen's Compensation Act

c

6. When Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912, he became the first president since the Civil War who was
a. born in the South.
b. a Democrat.
c. a lawyer.
d. a non-Civil War veteran.
e. a Methodist.

a

7. Wilson's progressive programs provided relief to
a. sailors.
b. farmers and agricultural colleges.
c. civil service workers.
d. train employees involved in interstate commerce.
e. All of these choices are correct.

e

8. To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, President Woodrow Wilson broke new ground by
a. enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.
b. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.
c. writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.
d. stirring up Western and Southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.
e. All of these choices are correct.

b

9. The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it
a. was the first time American troops saw action in France.
b. marked a temporary reversal of the Allies progress in Europe that extended the war by at least six
months.
c. was the first time American troops fought by themselves.
d. saw the first use of combat aircraft.
e. marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed.

e

10. Despite reluctance by both the President and Congress, the United States resorted to forced conscription in
1917 because
a. there was no other way to raise the huge numbers of American army servicemen efficiently that would
need
to be sent to Europe.
b. it was the most effective way to destroy opposition to the war.
c. all the Allied and Central powers had already instituted the draft.
d. the early American volunteers for the war proved to lack discipline, bravery, and competence.
e. the U.S. government was unwilling to accept women into the armed forces.

a

11. The dangerous proviso that Germany attached to its Sussex pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping was
the requirement that
a. Americans would have to refrain from sailing on British-owned passenger ships.
b. U-Boats could capture merchant vessels if the submarines surfaced.
c. the Americans would have to guarantee that passenger vessels were not secretly carrying military
supplies.
d. the United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany or submarine
warfare would be resumed.
e. Woodrow Wilson would have to seek a fair, negotiated settlement of the war.

d

12. Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by
a. opposing workingmen's compensation.
b. opposing the entry of women into politics.
c. endorsing immigration limitations on Japanese and Chinese immigrants.
d. refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission.
e. accelerating the segregation of African Americans in the federal bureaucracy.

e

13. Congress's passage of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act demonstrated that the federal government
a. was beginning to address the issue of equal treatment of mothers in the workplace.
b. was prepared to take substantial steps toward federally funded child care.
c. was indifferent to mothers working outside the home and providing maternal and infant health care.
d. supported pregnancy and maternity leave benefits for women
e. was willing to benefit and support women primarily in their role as mothers.

e

14. When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial
structure was that
a. federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver.
b. heavy state and federal regulation of big business and trusts that handicapped the development of
business in America.
c. the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government.
d. the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold.
e. money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City.

e

15. Which of these is NOT a true statement about Black soldiers during World War I?
a. Most Black troops were denied combat duty.
b. Black soldiers were more likely to serve in combat than white soldiers.
c. Black soldiers typically served as laborers and stevedores.
d. Blacks served in segregated units in the military.
e. Mothers of slain Black soldiers in 1930 were invited to visit their sons' graves in segregated travel
arrangements.

b

16. Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable when surrounded by
a. African Americans.
b. Catholics.
c. political professionals.
d. journalists.
e. academic scholars.

e

17. One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it
a. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.
b. reduced opportunities for trade with the Allies.
c. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.
d. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.
e. virtually ended American international trade.

c

18. President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he
a. sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.
b. sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.
c. seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.
d. sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.
e. None of these choices are correct.

c

19. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the sinking of the Lusitania?
a. 128 Americans onboard lost their lives.
b. Germany expressed profound regret.
c. Afterwards, Germany issued a warning to travelers about the perils of traveling in war zone waters.
d. Germany immediately pledged not to sink unarmed passenger ships anymore.
e. The incident helped feed a growing anti-Germany sentiment in the U.S.

d

20. The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to
a. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.
b. close weak banks.
c. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.
d. permit the free coinage of silver.
e. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

a

21. The European Allies were able to finance their costly war effort during the period of American neutrality mainly
because of
a. confiscation of German property.
b. income taxes.
c. tariffs.
d. sale of armaments to the United States and Russia.
e. American bankers, most notably the Wall Street firm of J.P. Morgan and Company.

e

22. The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
a. included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
b. declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry.
c. established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce.
d. outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different purchasers.
e. weakened regulations against interlocking directorates and private discrimination against different
purchasers.

d

23. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American
banking and currency system through the great authority given to
a. the secretary of the treasury.
b. the House and the Senate.
c. banking shareholders.
d. regional Federal Reserve banks.
e. the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.

e

24. For German military strategists, the entry of the United States into the war in April 1917 meant that
a. they would no longer be able to use their submarine weapon effectively.
b. they would have to defeat France and Britain before a large American force arrived in Europe.
c. they would have to seek an immediate cessation of hostilities and peace treaty with Russia.
d. the war would become one of swift movements rather than stalemated trench warfare.
e. they would have to switch from an offensive to a defensive strategy.

b

25. All of the following are true statements about Mexicans who settled in the area known as the borderlands
EXCEPT
a. they relocated mostly in Texas, New Mexico, California and Arizona.
b. they helped build highways and railroads.
c. most were wealthy farmers with significant landholdings.
d. many followed the harvest as fruit pickers.
e. they helped create a unique culture that blended Mexican and American folkways.

c

26. Although Germans were generally loyal citizens, during the war they were subjected to all of the following
EXCEPT
a. rumors that they were spying and sabotaging in the U.S.
b. violent attacks such as tarring, feathering, beatings, and lynchings.
c. summary revocation of American citizenship and deportation back to Germany.
d. German books were removed from libraries and German academic courses canceled.
e. severely damaged by the pressures for loyalty and conformity.

a

27. The United States' primary contributions to the Allied victory in Europe included all of the following EXCEPT
a. munitions.
b. manpower.
c. credits and loans.
d. foodstuffs.
e. multiple battlefield victories.

a

28. The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations and America would
have been welcomed by other nations into the League of Nations if President Wilson had
a. stuck to the principles of his own Fourteen Points.
b. guaranteed that American troops would never be used in League for collective security military
operations to maintain peace among nations.
c. actively campaigned for support from the American public.
d. been willing to compromise with moderate League opponents in Congress on some constitutional and
American sovereignty issues surrounding American participation in League matters.
e. run for re-election.

d

29. When the United States entered the war in April 1917, most Americans did NOT believe that
a. the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas.
b. it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies.
c. the United States would have to ship war material to the Allies.
d. mobilization for war would be largely voluntary and forced conscription would soon be required.
e. it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe for more than a year.

e

30. Senate opponents of the League of Nations, as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles, argued that it
a. failed to provide enough German financial reparations to the United States.
b. violated Wilson's own Fourteen Points.
c. robbed Congress of its constitutional war-declaring powers by entangling America in an international
organization capable of authorizing collective force against an aggressor nation.
d. isolated the United States from postwar world affairs.
e. made collective international security and alliances of peaceful democratic states more difficult to
construct and sustain.

c

31. President Wilson insisted that he would hold ____ to "strict accountability" for ____.
a. Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers
b. Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent
c. Germany; ship damage and destruction to neutral countries other than the United States
d. Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium
e. Germany; the loss of American ships and American lives to submarine warfare

e

32. Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico
headed by
a. Porfirio Diaz.
b. Venustiano Carranza.
c. Pancho Villa.
d. Victoriano Huerta.
e. Santa Anna.

d

33. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to the Jefferson administration when he
a. stopped having formal cabinet meetings.
b. abolished all tariffs.
c. endorsed woman suffrage.
d. personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress.
e. failed to write a presidential State of the Union address to be read by a clerk to Congress.

d

34. The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that
a. he oversold Wilson's ideals and led Americans and the world to expect too much.
b. relied too much on formal laws and police power to gain compliance with the war effort.
c. the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign.
d. the courts curbed many of Creel's and the committee's war propaganda efforts on constitutional grounds.
e. the public was skeptical of government propaganda.

a

35. Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to
a. stop the spread of communism.
b. blame no one for starting the war.
c. force Germany to pay reparations for the war.
d. establish the League of Nations.
e. destroy the Austrian and Russian empires.

d

36. President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by
a. appealing to the American intervention in Europe.
b. convincing the public for the need to make the world safe from the German submarine.
c. declaring it a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy."
d. asserting that Germany was committing immoral war crimes in Europe against the British and the
French.
e. insisting that the war would be fought primarily by the navy.

c

37. After the conclusion of World War I, most women who worked
a. soon gave up their war jobs.
b. kept their war jobs after the war.
c. pursued advancement jobs in their jobs in wartime industries.
d. gave up their traditional role as mothers.
e. None of these choices are correct.

a

38. The chief political difference between President Woodrow Wilson and the European parliamentary statesmen
represented at the Paris peace table was that Wilson
a. lacked a comparable personal popularity among Europeans.
b. did not appreciate or attempt to galvanize domestic political support among Americans for a postwar
Paris peace settlement.
c. respected the opinions of his domestic political adversaries and made a good-faith effort to include them
in the Paris peace conference.
d. refused to appreciate fully the need to break a reasonable political compromise between democratic
idealism and great power of imperialism or colonialism for quickly coming to a peace agreement that all
the Allies could support enthusiastically.
e. was generally not popular with Americans at home; while, the European Allied leaders enjoyed
overwhelming popularity with their own peoples.

d

39. The Germans gained an immense military advantage in the first months of 1918 because
a. they had discovered how to use the tank and poison gas effectively.
b. the Austrian army was able to switch from the Italian front to the western front.
c. the Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war allowing German troops to move to the western front.
d. they had seized the two key strategic points of Verdun and Ypres.
e. their brilliant generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff has taken effective control of the German
government.

c

40. Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct a strongly anti-imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined
when he
a. dispatched U.S. military forces to protect American interests in China.
b. told the Filipinos that they could not obtain their independence for at least forty years.
c. sent American marines to Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
d. sent the U.S. Navy to seize the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
e. began constructing a massive U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

c

41. When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from
a. Socialists.
b. the working class and former Progressive Bull Moose party members.
c. the big business community.
d. prowar members of both parties.
e. new women voters.

b

42. Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy?
a. imperialistic
b. moralistic
c. realistic
d. balance-of-power
e. isolationist

b

43. Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following EXCEPT
a. faith in the masses.
b. a belief that compromise was necessary to be an effective leader.
c. a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress.
d. a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.
e. a belief in the central importance of morality of politics.

b

44. The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices EXCEPT
a. eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.
b. outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.
c. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.
d. prohibiting false and misleading advertising.
e. outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

c

45. The World War I military draft
a. generally worked fairly and effectively to provide military manpower.
b. caused widespread resistance and riots.
c. permitted men to purchase substitutes to go in their place.
d. included women as well as men.
e. was not as fair as the Civil War draft.

a

46. The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was
a. Felix Frankfurter.
b. Benjamin Cardozo.
c. Abraham Cahan.
d. Louis D. Brandeis.
e. Bernard Baruch.

d

47. Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States senators during the Paris Peace Conference
a. gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position.
b. stemmed from only a small minority of hard-core isolationists who rejected on principle tying American
national security to Wilson's internationalist Fourteen Points or a collective League of Nations.
c. led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine.
d. reinforced Germany's unwillingness to sign the treaty.
e. forced Wilson to drop his goal of establishing collective security internationally through the League of
Nations.

a

48. As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the
____, while Russia and France were among the ____.
a. Central Powers; Holy Alliance
b. Central Powers; Triple Alliance
c. Allies; Central Powers
d. Triple Alliance; Central Powers
e. Central Powers; Allies

e

49. The Progressive Bull Moose party died when
a. Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916.
b. Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916.
c. the United States entered World War I.
d. the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt.
e. Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters.

a

50. Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by
a. exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.
b. exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution.
c. prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees.
d. permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas.
e. creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses.

a

51. Prosecutions under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) can be characterized in the following
ways EXCEPT
a. antiwar socialists and labor leaders were visibly targeted.
b. 1,900 Americans were prosecuted under these laws.
c. the laws meant that any criticism of the government could be censored and punished.
d. the Supreme Court ultimately ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of freedom of speech and
association.
e. after the war, President Harding issued pardons to many of those prosecuted, including labor leader
Eugene Debs.

a

52. Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?
a. Lusitania
b. Arabic
c. Sussex
d. All of these American ships were sunk.
e. None of these were American ships.

e

53. Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20th century affected the U.S. by
a. interfering with trade relations.
b. encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.
c. providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations.
d. provoking a full-fledged shooting war between Mexico and the United States.
e. None of these choices are correct.

b

54. German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting American and British merchant and passenger ships
without warning
a. because they were violating international law by operating in a war theater.
b. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.
c. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.
d. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.
e. in a last-ditch effort to win the war.

b

55. Which one of the following was NOT among Wilson's Fourteen Points, upon which he based America's
idealistic foreign policy in World War I?
a. reduction of armaments
b. an international guarantee of freedom of religion
c. abolition of secret treaties
d. an international organization to guarantee collective security
e. The principle of national self-determination for subject peoples

b

56. From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred
because
a. the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not.
b. more Americans sympathized with Britain than with Germany.
c. Germany raised tariffs and other protectionist barriers on America's exports to Germany.
d. American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany.
e. the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

e

57. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans
a. earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.
b. favored entering the war in support of the Allies.
c. supported the Central Powers.
d. wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.
e. favored U.S. mediation of the conflict.

a

58. In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised
a. not to sink passenger ships.
b. to maintain the territorial integrity of France.
c. to halt its naval blockade of Britain.
d. to halt all submarine warfare.
e. not to sink passenger ships without warning.

e

59. President Wilson's position at the Paris Peace Conference was weakened by
a. his refusal to attend the conference personally.
b. Republican party victories in the 1918 midterm elections.
c. his lack of popular support among people outside the United States.
d. his failure to appoint a leading Senate Republican to the conference delegation.
e. his paralyzing stroke.

b, d

60. The election of 1920
a. was defined by Warren Harding's clear position on the League.
b. indicated the public's exhaustion with moral idealism and self-sacrifice.
c. was the first presidential election since passage of the woman suffrage amendment.
d. signaled the renewal of progressive domestic reform activity.
e. was used by Republican isolationists to kill the League.

b, c, e

61. President Wilson's Fourteen Points included
a. arms limitation.
b. self-determination.
c. maintaining great powers' spheres of influence.
d. freedom of the seas.
e. a permanent international organization.

a, b, d, e

62. President Wilson's legal attack on anticompetitive and unfair business practices was implemented by passage of
the
a. Jones Act.
b. Federal Trade Commission Act.
c. Clayton Act.
d. Adamson Act.
e. Federal Reserve Act.

b, c

63. Upon becoming president, Woodrow Wilson launched an attack on the "triple wall of privilege," which he said
consisted of
a. high tariffs.
b. racial discrimination.
c. powerful monopolistic trusts.
d. conservative banking practices.
e. exclusive private social clubs.

a, c, d

64. The twelve regional banks created by the Federal Reserve Act were
a. unable to meet the monetary demands of business expansion.
b. regulated by the Federal Reserve Board.
c. owned by private banks.
d. subject to state banking regulation.
e. authorized to issue their own paper money.

b, c

65. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge effectively stalled consideration of the Treaty of Versailles by the full Senate
a. by holding extended Senate hearings on the treaty, which permitted its various opponents to air their
opposition to ratification.
b. by engaging in parliamentary procedural maneuvers such as reading the entire treaty aloud on the Senate
floor.
c. by loading the treaty down with numerous crippling amendments or reservations opposed by Wilson and
many Democrats in the Senate.
d. by mobilizing liberal intellectual and internationalist opinion against the treaty.
e. All of these choices are correct.

a, b, c

66. Examples of forceful federal government action to organize the nation for war were
a. the conscription of certain essential wartime workers.
b. rationing of certain foodstuffs for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
c. the federal government takeover of the railroads.
d. the federal government's imposition of nationwide daylight savings time.
e. the issuance of production quotas and the allocation of raw materials by the War Industries Board.

b, c, d, e

67. The flood of progressive legislation during Wilson's first term included laws to
a. provide disability assistance to civil-service workers.
b. establish the eight-hour day for interstate railroad workers.
c. end discrimination against Black employees of the federal government.
d. provide credit and low-interest loans to farmers.
e. establish decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships.

a, b, d, e

68. Among the major targets of the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts were
a. the American Federation of Labor.
b. Samuel Gompers.
c. the Industrial Workers of the World.
d. Eugene V. Debs.
e. German Americans.

c, d, e

69. The United States declared war on Germany
a. in response to demands by American munitions makers
b. because it appeared that France was about to surrender.
c. after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels.
d. after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany.
e. after final negotiations between Germany and the United States over unrestricted submarine warfare
failed to come to an agreement.

c

70. Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson tended to
a. favor progressive reform.
b. lack the common touch.
c. find it difficult to compromise.
d. believe that the president should defer to congressional leadership.
e. be uninterested in ideas.

b, c

71. Most wartime mobilization agencies prepared the economy for the war by relying on
a. congressional legislation.
b. voluntary compliance.
c. presidential edict.
d. court decisions.
e. business trade organizations.

b