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BIO 125 EXAM CH 7

front 1

Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every domain of organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What does this fact most probably mean?

back 1

Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life.

front 2

Which of the following statements is most likely true of a protein that cotransports glucose and sodium ions into the intestinal cells of an animal?

back 2

A substance that blocks sodium ions from binding to the cotransport protein will also block the transport of glucose.

front 3

In some cells, there are many ion electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane even though there are usually only one or two proton pumps present in the membrane. The gradients of the other ions are most likely accounted for by ________.

back 3

cotransport proteins

front 4

The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration. Phosphate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane—more acidic outside the cell than inside the cell. In this bacterial cell, phosphate transport is an example of ________.

back 4

cotransport

front 5

Which of the following structures would decrease the electrochemical gradient across a membrane?

back 5

a potassium channel

front 6

Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by ________.

back 6

ion electrochemical gradients

front 7

The voltage across a membrane is called the ________.

back 7

membrane potential

front 8

Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis?

back 8

movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

front 9

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it ________.

back 9

is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient

front 10

A sodium-potassium pump ________.

back 10

moves three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP hydrolysis

front 11

When a plant cell, such as one from a tulip leaf, is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur?

back 11

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell.

front 12

In which of the following environments would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?

back 12

a salmon moving from a river into an ocean

front 13

Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in ________.

back 13

an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

front 14

What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion content of about 0.9%, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

back 14

The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.

front 15

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water ________.

back 15

is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

front 16

Five dialysis bags, constructed of a type of membrane that is permeable to water and impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed), and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

Which line or lines in the graph represent(s) bags that contain a solution that is hypertonic at 50 minutes?

back 16

B

front 17

Five dialysis bags, constructed of a type of membrane that is permeable to water and impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed), and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

Which line in the graph represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose?

back 17

A

front 18

Five dialysis bags, constructed of a type of membrane that is permeable to water and impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed), and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

Which line in the graph represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6 M solution at the beginning of the experiment?

back 18

C

front 19

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

In the U-tube experiment illustrated above, which of the following statements correctly describes side B at equilibrium?

back 19

The concentration of NaCl will increase, the concentration of glucose will decrease, and the water level will increase.

front 20

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

At the beginning of the U-tube experiment illustrated above, which of the following statements is true?

back 20

Side A is hypotonic to side B.

front 21

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

When the system illustrated above reaches equilibrium, the sugar concentrations on both sides of the U-tube will be ________.

back 21

1.5 M sucrose, 1.5 M glucose

front 22

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

Which of the following will be true when the system illustrated above reaches equilibrium?

back 22

The water level will be higher in side A than in side B.

front 23

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

In the U-tube illustrated above, ________.

back 23

side A is isotonic to side B

front 24

Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis?

back 24

In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.

front 25

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following processes occurs for substances that can diffuse through the plasma membrane?

back 25

There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.

front 26

Which of the following processes includes all of the others?

back 26

passive transport

front 27

Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

back 27

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

front 28

A research team is working on the design of a new drug for the treatment of lung cancer. To be most effective, this drug must specifically enter the cytoplasm of lung cells while not entering the cells of other tissues. Which of the following characteristics would likely enhance the specificity of this drug?

back 28

similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules normally transported lung cells

front 29

Which of the following molecules dramatically increases the rate of diffusion of water across cell membranes?

back 29

aquaporins

front 30

Which of the following would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?

back 30

O2

front 31

Which of the following statements describes a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

back 31

It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule.

front 32

Which of the following are least likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane?

back 32

small ions

front 33

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

back 33

small and hydrophobic

front 34

Which of the following statements is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

back 34

The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.

front 35

In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?

back 35

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.

front 36

Cell membranes have distinct inside and outside faces. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature?

back 36

The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

front 37

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description.

Which component in the accompanying figure plays a critical role in cell-cell recognition?

back 37

B

front 38

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description.

Which component in the accompanying figure is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton?

back 38

C

front 39

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description.

Which component in the accompanying figure is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix?

back 39

A

front 40

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description.

Which component in the accompanying figure is cholesterol?

back 40

E

front 41

For the following questions, match the labeled component of the cell membrane in the figure with its description.

Which component in the accompanying figure is hydrophilic?

back 41

D

front 42

Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?

back 42

There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the membrane.

front 43

Which of the following types of molecules lack hydrophilic domains?

back 43

cholesterol

front 44

Which of the following types of molecules are hydrophilic and therefore excluded from the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer?

back 44

peripheral membrane proteins

front 45

An animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?

back 45

cell-cell recognition

front 46

According to the fluid mosaic model, a membrane ________.

back 46

is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded amphipathic proteins

front 47

The membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by ________.

back 47

increasing the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

front 48

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids ________.

back 48

can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

front 49

A phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. What effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose?

back 49

Permeability to glucose will increase.

front 50

For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be ________.

back 50

amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region