Use the figures to answer the question.

Which molecule can be a result of mercaptoethanol reduction of a disulfide bridge?

B

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Which molecule shown can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid?

C

Use the figures to answer the question.

Which molecule shown contains a carboxyl group?

C

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Which molecule shown has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

A

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Which molecule has at least one carbon atom attached to three different chemical groups?

A

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Which molecule(s) shown is (are) ionized in a cell?

C and D

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Which of the groups is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?

B

Use the figures to answer the question.

Which of the functional groups shown is present in ethanol but not in ethane?

A

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Which of the functional groups shown helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

D

Use the figures to answer the question.

Which functional group shown can pick up protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution?

C

Use the figure to answer the question.

What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure?

carboxyl

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol ________.

have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

Amino acids are acids because they always possess ________ as the functional group?

carboxyl

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

carboxyl and amino groups

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound ________.

should dissolve in water

Which of the functional groups is not reactive but serves as a recognizable tag on the DNA molecule and alter the expression of genes in the cells.

methyl

Which of the following molecules is polar?

C3H7OHC2H5COOH

C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are both polar molecules.

Use the figure to answer the question.

Thalidomide and L-dopa (see figure) are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that ________.

are mirror images of one another

Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?

one with NH2 one the way right

Which of the following illustrations is not a structural isomer of an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14? For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted.

two Cs on bottom

Use the following figure to answer the question.

The two molecules shown in the figure are best described as ________.

cis-trans isomers

Use the following figure to answer the question.

The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are ________.

structural isomers

Use the following figure to answer the question.

The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the ________.

arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Use the following figure to answer the question.

The two molecules shown in the figures are best described as ________.

structural isomers

Some carbon skeletons have different numbers and locations of double bonds to ________.

add molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter

Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms cannot ________.

form enantiomers

Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms but with one or more double bonds will ________.

be more constrained in structure

Which of the following carbon molecules does not have the bond angle of 109.5°?

C2H4

What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?

the presence or absence of double bonds between the carbon atom and other atoms

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that ________.

are mirror images of each other

Each bond in carbon dioxide represents ________.

O=C=O

a pair of shared electrons

Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

covalent

In an ethane (C2H6) molecule, each carbon atom is bonded to ________ hydrogen atoms.

three

A carbon atom has 6 electrons however, its valency is 4. This is because the carbon atom ________.

has only 2 electrons in its first shell and 4 in the second shell

How many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?

4

Why is carbon so important in biology?

It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.

The kind and number of bonds an atom can form depends on ________.

its electron configuration

Which of the following is true of carbon?

It can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.

Miller's classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds. Miller did not use ________ as one of the gases in his experiment.

oxygen

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that ________.

organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth

Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the ________.

types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism

The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that ________.

living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that can be used to explain all natural phenomena

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ________.

the chemical versatility of carbon atoms

The element present in all organic molecules is ________.

carbon