front 1 simple random sample | back 1 individuals from a population are chosen so that each individual has an equal chance of being selected |
front 2 systematic sample | back 2 members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval |
front 3 stratified random sample | back 3 members of the population are grouped then members from each group are randomly selected |
front 4 cluster sample | back 4 members of the population are grouped then a set number of groups are randomly selected |
front 5 bias | back 5 refers to the tendency of a process that tends to over- or under-estimate the value of a population parameter |
front 6 convenience sampling | back 6 choosing individuals that are easiest to reach |
front 7 voluntary response sampling | back 7 individuals choose themselves by responding to a survey or willingly participating in an experiment |
front 8 undercoverage | back 8 occurs when some part of the population is not sampled at all or at a smaller proportion than seen in the population |
front 9 nonresponse bias | back 9 occurs when some subjects won’t respond or participate |
front 10 response bias | back 10 subjects may lie or mislead, intentionally or unintentionally |
front 11 control | back 11 efforts made to minimize lurking variables |
front 12 replication | back 12 the use of enough subjects to reduce chance variation |
front 13 experiment | back 13 a treatment is deliberately imposed on individuals in order to observe their responses |
front 14 observational study | back 14 individuals are observed and variables of interest are measured without any attempt to influence responses |
front 15 treatment | back 15 a specific experimental condition applied to the subjects of an experiment |
front 16 parameter | back 16 a numerical characteristic of a population |
front 17 population | back 17 the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn |
front 18 statistic | back 18 a numerical characteristic of a sample |
front 19 sample | back 19 a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like |
front 20 census | back 20 a sample that consists of the entire population |