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AP Stats Unit 4

front 1

simple random sample

back 1

individuals from a population are chosen so that each individual has an equal chance of being selected

front 2

systematic sample

back 2

members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval

front 3

stratified random sample

back 3

members of the population are grouped then members from each group are randomly selected

front 4

cluster sample

back 4

members of the population are grouped then a set number of groups are randomly selected

front 5

bias

back 5

refers to the tendency of a process that tends to over- or under-estimate the value of a population parameter

front 6

convenience sampling

back 6

choosing individuals that are easiest to reach

front 7

voluntary response sampling

back 7

individuals choose themselves by responding to a survey or willingly participating in an experiment

front 8

undercoverage

back 8

occurs when some part of the population is not sampled at all or at a smaller proportion than seen in the population

front 9

nonresponse bias

back 9

occurs when some subjects won’t respond or participate

front 10

response bias

back 10

subjects may lie or mislead, intentionally or unintentionally

front 11

control

back 11

efforts made to minimize lurking variables

front 12

replication

back 12

the use of enough subjects to reduce chance variation

front 13

experiment

back 13

a treatment is deliberately imposed on individuals in order to observe their responses

front 14

observational study

back 14

individuals are observed and variables of interest are measured without any attempt to influence responses

front 15

treatment

back 15

a specific experimental condition applied to the subjects of an experiment

front 16

parameter

back 16

a numerical characteristic of a population

front 17

population

back 17

the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn

front 18

statistic

back 18

a numerical characteristic of a sample

front 19

sample

back 19

a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like

front 20

census

back 20

a sample that consists of the entire population