front 1 In cell theory, which states that cells are the fundamental units of life and that all living things are made of cells, a minor caveat is included. What for? | back 1 Viruses which we only consider living when they are infecting a cell |
front 2 Define Magnification | back 2 the ratio of the image to the real size of the specimen |
front 3 Define Resolution | back 3 the clarity of your image |
front 4 Define Contrast in relation to microscopes | back 4 the visibility of different parts of the sample |
front 5 What is the main commonality between all light microscopy techniques? | back 5 The use of bent or refracted light to enhance magnification |
front 6 Which three light microscopy techniques are create digital images? | back 6 Confocal microscopy, Deconvolution, Super resolution |
front 7 Is the brightfield light microscopy technique ideal for studying living cells? Why or why not? | back 7 No, the contrast is not high and in order to increase it one must stain their samples (which involves fixing them in place which kills them). |
front 8 Which light microscopy technique is good for living, unpigmented cells? | back 8 Phase-contrast |
front 9 What are the two types of electron microscopy and what are they used for? | back 9 SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Used for studying subcellular structures |
front 10 What is the key tool used for cell fractionation and very generally why do we use it? | back 10 The centrifuge, used to break down cells into their individual components |
front 11 Cells are _____% water. The rest we call ____ ________, which is mostly proteins. | back 11 90, dry weight |
front 12 Eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm between their plasma membrane and their nucleus, true or false? | back 12 true |
front 13 Generally, eukaryotic cells are bigger than prokaryotic cells by a ratio of ____ | back 13 10:1 |
front 14 Within ____________ cells there are still differences between kingdoms. Some features unique to plant cells are chloroplasts, large, central vacuoles, cell walls, and _________________ (holes between cells for communication). | back 14 eukaryotic, plasmodesmata |
front 15 Two of the three domains of life (_________ and __________) are composed entirely of prokaryotic cells | back 15 Archaea and Bacteria |
front 16 Prokaryotic cells have easier access to their own DNA. What are the pros and cons to this system? | back 16 Faster replication of DNA but increased chances of producing mistakes in translation |
front 17 To keep prokaryotic cells safe they have a cell wall uniquely containing ______________ | back 17 peptidoglycan |
front 18 The nucleus houses the cell's genes, sections of chromosomes composed of DNA ordered into packages called ______________ | back 18 chromatins |
front 19 The nucleus had a double membrane called the ____________ ____________ which has pores to allow passage of material | back 19 Nuclear envelope |
front 20 Inside the nucleus is a site called the nucleolus where ___________is carried out by rRNA | back 20 synthesis |
front 21 Briefly and simply describe what ribosomes are made of and what locations you'd find them at. | back 21 Two rRNA particles found in the cytosol and the surface of the ER |
front 22 What are the six components of the endomembrane system and of those which components are physically connected? | back 22
*These two are the only components physically continuously connected |
front 23 The rough ER synthesizes what? | back 23 glycoproteins and proteins |
front 24 The smooth ER functions to synthesize_________, metabolize_______, detoxify _________ and ____________, and store ______________ ions | back 24 lipids, carbs, drugs and poisons, Calcium |
front 25 The golgi apparatus is made of flattened membrane sacs called ____________ | back 25 cisternae |
front 26 The membrane of the golgi apparatus has the ___________ direction of the plasma membrane. Why? | back 26 inverse, so that when its vesicles merge with the plasma membrane they are right side out (proteins, extracellular components, glycoproteins must all be facing the correct direction from the cell) |
front 27 Lysosomes are double membrane compartments that transport ___________ ___________ to digest proteins, fats and polysaccharides through hydrolysis | back 27 hydrolytic enzymes |
front 28 Lysosomes are also responsible for breaking down and recycling old or damaged organelles through ___________. | back 28 autophagy |
front 29 Vacuoles preform a diverse array of functions, true or false? | back 29 True |
front 30 Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cells in many freshwater ___________ | back 30 protists |
front 31 food vacuoles are created how? | back 31 via phagocytosis |
front 32 What are peroxisomes? | back 32 oxidative organelles |
front 33 What is endosymbiotic theory? | back 33 The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were at one point separate organisms that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and evolved to live in symbiosis with it |
front 34 endosymbiotic theory and is evidenced how? | back 34 free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules in addition to the prokaryotic-like mechanisms that the organelles use to grow and reproduce independently inside cells |
front 35 Mitochondria have two membranes. The inner one has lots of fold called cristae. What purpose does this serve? | back 35 They increase surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP |
front 36 Inside chloroplast's second membrane is the soluble compartment called _________ which house thylakoid membranes that form internal compartments called ________ __________ where chlorophyll is held | back 36 stroma, thylakoid lumen |
front 37 We have not reached a consensus about how peroxisomes are related to other organelles but we do know they produce ____________ _____________ and convert it into__________. | back 37 hydrogen peroxide, water |
front 38 The cytoskeleton is a mesh of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm. What does it do? | back 38 maintain the shape of the cell, anchor organelles and aid in the transport of vesicles |
front 39 What are three main structures to the cytoskeleton? | back 39
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front 40 Rank the three main cytoskeleton structures from smallest to biggest. | back 40 Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
front 41 What protein are microtubules made of? 1. Actin and myosin 2. dynein 3. tubulin | back 41 3. tubulin |
front 42 What protein are Microfilaments made of? 1. Actin and myosin 2. keratin 3. dynein | back 42 1. Actin and myosin |
front 43 Intermediate filaments are composed of different proteins such as keratin and function in supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles, true or false? | back 43 True! |
front 44 Which kingdoms of life have cell walls? | back 44 Prokaryotes, plants, fungi and some protists |
front 45 What are the three layers to the plant cell wall? | back 45 the middle lamella (between plant cells), the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall (in some cells) |
front 46 What are the channels in cell walls called? | back 46 Plasmodesmata |
front 47 Instead of a cell wall animal cells have an elaborate _____________ ______________ _____________ | back 47 Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
front 48 ECM that functions in ...(4) | back 48 support, movement, adhesion and regulation |
front 49 The ECM binds to receptors in the plasma membrane called___________ which communicate through hormones to regulate cell behavior. | back 49 integrins |