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19 notecards = 5 pages (4 cards per page)

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necrosis apoptosis irat

front 1

What is necrosis?

back 1

a passive, pathological process induced by acute injury or disease.

front 2

Cells that die by necrosis-

back 2

increase in volume and lyse (release their intracellular contents)

front 3

In necrosis, cytokines are-

back 3

released to neighboring cells

front 4

What is apoptosis?

back 4

an active, normal, physiological process that removes cells

front 5

What makes apoptosis different from necrosis?

back 5

it removes cells without damaging neighboring cells, or inducing inflammation.

front 6

Cells undergoing apoptosis have a __________ appearance of their membranes

back 6

blebbed

front 7

A disturbance in apoptosis can result in-

back 7

cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.

front 8

What is released that tells the cell to kill itself?

back 8

cytochrome c

front 9

What does phosphatidylserine do when the cell is undergoing apoptosis?

back 9

inverts and becomes exposed on the cells surface

front 10

How is a apoptotic cell removed?

back 10

by phagocytic cell, macrophages, and dendritic cells

front 11

What is the sequence in which a macrophage removes an apoptotic cell?

back 11

it is internalized, then degraded to reduce the risk of inflammation from the cell death.

front 12

Necrosis occurs over __________, while Apoptosis occurs in __________

back 12

several days, a few hours

front 13

What cytokines does the macrophage release that allows the inhibition of inflammation?

back 13

cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-B

front 14

What is replicative senescence?

back 14

the limited replicative span of cells, depends on the number of cell divisions and cell type

front 15

Accumalation of ________ can cause DNA damage and oxidative stress.

back 15

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

front 16

What are the triggers of senescence?

back 16

DNA damage, oncogene activation, telomere attrition, and ROS

front 17

What distinguishes senescent cells from quiescent cells?

back 17

they are incapable of replication, viable and metabolically active, resist apoptosis, express SA-B-gal

front 18

What is the cause of mitochondrial DNA mutations? and why is there a decrease in cellular oxidative phosphorylation activity?

back 18

- Oxidative stress by ROS.

- mutations to mtDNA accumulate due to the vulnerability of mtDNA to ROS which affects its function.

front 19

What is CRISPR?

back 19

genetically modifies genes