front 1 What is necrosis? | back 1 a passive, pathological process induced by acute injury or disease. |
front 2 Cells that die by necrosis- | back 2 increase in volume and lyse (release their intracellular contents) |
front 3 In necrosis, cytokines are- | back 3 released to neighboring cells |
front 4 What is apoptosis? | back 4 an active, normal, physiological process that removes cells |
front 5 What makes apoptosis different from necrosis? | back 5 it removes cells without damaging neighboring cells, or inducing inflammation. |
front 6 Cells undergoing apoptosis have a __________ appearance of their membranes | back 6 blebbed |
front 7 A disturbance in apoptosis can result in- | back 7 cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. |
front 8 What is released that tells the cell to kill itself? | back 8 cytochrome c |
front 9 What does phosphatidylserine do when the cell is undergoing apoptosis? | back 9 inverts and becomes exposed on the cells surface |
front 10 How is a apoptotic cell removed? | back 10 by phagocytic cell, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
front 11 What is the sequence in which a macrophage removes an apoptotic cell? | back 11 it is internalized, then degraded to reduce the risk of inflammation from the cell death. |
front 12 Necrosis occurs over __________, while Apoptosis occurs in __________ | back 12 several days, a few hours |
front 13 What cytokines does the macrophage release that allows the inhibition of inflammation? | back 13 cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-B |
front 14 What is replicative senescence? | back 14 the limited replicative span of cells, depends on the number of cell divisions and cell type |
front 15 Accumalation of ________ can cause DNA damage and oxidative stress. | back 15 reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
front 16 What are the triggers of senescence? | back 16 DNA damage, oncogene activation, telomere attrition, and ROS |
front 17 What distinguishes senescent cells from quiescent cells? | back 17 they are incapable of replication, viable and metabolically active, resist apoptosis, express SA-B-gal |
front 18 What is the cause of mitochondrial DNA mutations? and why is there a decrease in cellular oxidative phosphorylation activity? | back 18 - Oxidative stress by ROS. - mutations to mtDNA accumulate due to the vulnerability of mtDNA to ROS which affects its function. |
front 19 What is CRISPR? | back 19 genetically modifies genes |