front 1 Which of the following is an obligation of the pledgor? a. To
demand the return of the thing before full payment of the debt,
including interest due thereon and expenses incurred for its
preservation b. To advise the pledgee of the flaws of the thing
c. Responsibility for acts of agents and employees as regards
the thing d. To take care of the thing with the diligence of a
good father of a family and be liable for the loss or
deterioration of such | back 1 To advise the pledgee of the flaws of the thing |
front 2 Which one of the following is not required for a Real Mortgage
Contract to be validly constituted even as against third
persons? a. The Parties must acknowledge the same to a notary
public. b. The Parties must voluntarily execute a written
contract. c. The Real Mortgage Contract must be signed by
witnesses. d. The Real Mortgage Contract must be recorded in the
Register of Deeds. | back 2 The Real Mortgage Contract must be signed by witnesses. |
front 3 Seungkwan borrowed P100,000 from Vernon with Seungkwan’s ring given
to Vernon by way of pledge. It was stipulated that incase of
non-payment on due date, the ring would belong to Vernon. this
forfeiture is a. Caveat emptor b. Pactum commissorium
c. Dacion en pago d. Pacto de retro | |
front 4 Hani pledged his diamond ring with Joshua. If Flory sells the ring
and Cheol buys it with the consent of Joshua, who shall have the
right of possession over the ring? a. Cheol b. Hani
c. Any third person agreed by Hani and Joshua d. Joshua | |
front 5 If the thing pledged is returned by the pledgee to the pledgor or
owner, the pledge is extinguished. Any stipulation to the
contrary shall be: a. Unenforceable b. Void c. Valid
d. Voidable | |
front 6 During the existence of the Contract of Pledge, the pledgee can
deposit the thing pledged with a third person. a. Yes. If
the obligation has already been fully paid. b. Yes. If the
Pledgor deceived him/her as to the thing pledged. c. Yes. If
there is a stipulation authorizing him to do so. d. No. the
Pledgee cannot deposit the thing pledged with a third person
even if there is stipulation. | back 6 Yes. If there is a stipulation authorizing him to do so. |
front 7 Elements of contracts of pledge and mortgage, except: a. Pledge
and mortgage are principal contracts. b. Pledge and mortgage are
accessory contracts. c. Pledger or mortgagor must be the
absolute owner. d. Pledger or mortgagor must have the free
disposal of the thing pledged. | back 7 Pledge and mortgage are principal contracts. |
front 8 The ownership of property subject of a Contract of Pledge shall be
transmitted to the vendee or transferee as soon as
_______________________. a. Upon payment of the full selling
price of the property. b. The pledgee consents to the
alienation. c. Upon delivery of possession of the property to
the Vendee or Transferee. d. Upon fulfillment of the principal
obligation for which it was instituted as security | back 8 The pledgee consents to the alienation. |
front 9 All personal properties or movables may be pledged, provided they are
susceptible of _______________? a. Ownership b.
Appropriation c. Registration d. Possession | |
front 10 Mr. Choi executed a Real Mortgage Contract over his house and lot in
favor of Mr. Yoon to secure his obligations in the amount of Php
1,000,000.00 payable on December 31, 2021. As part of their
agreement, the possession of the house and lot was surrendered
to Mr. Yoon. Before the expiration of the term of Real Mortgage
Contract, Mr. Yoon can validly perform the following. Except? a.
Offer to buy the property of Mr. Choi at a price lower than its
original price, and appropriate the same property as his own.
b. Alienate the mortgage credit, in whole or in part, to another
person. c. Initiate the foreclosure of the property, and have it
sold in a public auction for the satisfaction of the obligation.
d. Return the physical possession of the house and lot to Mr. Choi. | back 10 Initiate the foreclosure of the property, and have it sold in a
public auction for the satisfaction of the obligation. |
front 11 The following persons may be asked to pay for the fulfillment of the
obligation for which the Contract of Real Mortgage is
constituted. Except? a. The previous owner of the property
before the execution of the Real Mortgage Contract. b. The
lessee of the property who started possessing the same even prior
the execution of Real Mortgage Contract. c. The original
mortgagor of the property who subsequently sold the same to
another person during the existence of the Real Mortgage Contract.
d. A subsequent buyer of the property mortgaged. | back 11 The previous owner of the property before the execution of the
Real Mortgage Contract. |
front 12 This right puts an end to the mortgage as the property is returned
back to the mortgagor after his dues are cleared. a. Right
to Return b. Right to Redemption c. Right to End d.
Right to Property | |
front 13 One of the following cannot be an object of a Real Mortgage Contract:
a. Mitsubishi Montero Sports b. Residential Unit c.
Mango Tree d. Fence Built over a vacant lot | back 13 Mitsubishi Montero Sports |
front 14 A mortgage or pledge becomes divisible if there are two or more debts
for which the Contract of Mortgage/Pledge is constituted.
a. False. Because A Real Mortgage / Pledge Contract is
divisible. b. True. Because A Real Mortgage / Pledge Contract is
generally indivisible. c. False. Because A Real Mortgage /
Pledge Contract is indivisible. d. True. Because A Real Mortgage
/ Pledge Contract is generally divisible | back 14 False. Because A Real Mortgage / Pledge Contract is indivisible. |
front 15 The principal obligation is extinguished upon the sale of the thing
pledged in a public auction. a. Yes. Provided the thing
pledged is sold at an amount that is equal to or higher to the
principal obligation. b. Yes. Provided that the public auction
is with the consent of the pledgor. c. Yes. Provided that the
pledgee is able to recover the deficiency from the pledgor or
debtor. d. Yes. Regardless of the amount for which the thing
pledged is sold during the public auction. | back 15 Yes. Regardless of the amount for which the thing pledged is
sold during the public auction. |
front 16 A chattel mortgage contract may validly be imposed upon
_________________? a. An immovable property as long as
there is stipulation between the parties. b. Personal
properties including incorporeal rights. c. Personal properties
but not including incorporeal rights. d. A movable property and
immovable property at the option of the parties. | back 16 Personal properties including incorporeal rights |
front 17 What is the effect if the thing pledged is returned to the owner or
pledgor? a. The contract of pledged remains to be valid as long
as the parties agree, and provided the obligation has not yet
been fulfilled. b. The contract of pledge will remain valid as
between the parties but not binding anymore as against third
persons. c. The contract of pledge is extinguished. Unless there
is stipulation to the contrary because return of the thing
pledged is only prima facie. d. The contract of pledge is
extinguished. Any stipulation to the contrary is void. | back 17 The contract of pledge is extinguished. Any stipulation to the
contrary is void. |
front 18 It is an accessory contract whereby the creditor acquires the right
to receive the fruits of an immovable property of his debtor
with the obligation to apply them to the payment of the
interest, if owing, and thereafter to the principal of his
credit. a. Antichresis b. Real Mortgage c. Pledge
a. b. None of the above | |
front 19 There is Criminal responsibility if the Pledgor or Mortgagor perform
one of the following: a. By offering the thing as
unencumbered which he knew were subject of some burden. b.
By refusing to deliver the thing after the parties have already signed
the contract of mortgage or pledge. c. By using the thing
without authority of the pledgee or mortgagee of the thing
pledged or mortgaged. d. By misrepresenting himself to be the
depositary thereof. | back 19 By offering the thing as unencumbered which he knew were subject of
some burden. |
front 20 A Real Mortgage Contract shall primarily be governed by
________________? a. The Chattel Mortgage Law (Act. 1508).
b. Agreement of the Parties. c. The provisions on the
Civil Code of the Philippines. d. Mortgage Law and Land
Registration Law. | back 20 Mortgage Law and Land Registration Law |
front 21 Under the law on pledge, there is a prima facie presumption that the
thing pledge has been returned by the pledgee to the owner if
_______________________. a. The property is found in
possession of the pledgee. b. The property is found in
possession of the debtor. c. The property is found in possession
of a third person by common agreement. d. The property is
found in possession of the owner. | back 21 The property is found in possession of the owner. |
front 22 Upon sale of a property subject of a Contract of Pledge, the same
property shall be __________________. a. Delivered to the
transferee or vendee. Any stipulation to the contrary is void.
b. Returned to the Owner even before the fulfillment of the
obligation since the pledgee can no longer possess the same.
c. Replaced by the Pledgor by another thing of the same kind but
not of inferior quality. d. Retained in possession of the
Creditor, or of a third person by common agreement. | back 22 Retained in possession of the Creditor, or of a third person by
common agreement. |
front 23 What is an obligation of the pledgee? a. To use the thing even
without authority from the owner b. To advise pledgor of the
result of the private auction c. To deposit the thing with a
third person absent a stipulation d. To advise pledgor of danger
to the thing | back 23 To advise pledgor of danger to the thing |
front 24 Mr. Kwon wants to extinguish the contract of pledge in favor of his
friend, Mr. Lee. The problem, however of Mr. Kwon is that he can
no longer find Mr. Lee for the return of the thing pledge. Mr.
Boo then advised him that a statement in writing by the pledgee
renouncing or abandoning the thing pledged is sufficient to
extinguish the pledge. Is the advice of Mr. Boo correct? a.
Correct. But there must be acceptance on the part of the pledgor, and
the thing pledged is physically returned to the owner later on.
The pledgee becoming a mere depositary. b. Correct. But
the parties must both agree and sign the statement in writing.
The pledgee becoming a mere depositary. c. Correct. But only if
the obligation has already been fulfilled by the main debtor.
The pledgee becoming a mere depositary. d. Correct. There is no
acceptance necessary, and the thing pledge need not even be
physically returned. The pledgee becoming a mere depositary. | back 24 Correct. There is no acceptance necessary, and the thing pledge need
not even be physically returned. The pledgee becoming a mere depositary. |
front 25 Which of the following is the remedy of the Owner if the pledgee used
the thing without authority? a. He may require that it be
deposited to a third person by their common agreement. b.
The owner may ask that the thing be deposited either judicially or extrajudicially.
c. He may require its return, and retain the thing with him until
the fulfillment of the obligation. d. He may ask that the
thing be returned to him upon offering another thing of the same
kind but not of inferior quality. | back 25 The owner may ask that the thing be deposited either judicially or extra-judicially. |
front 26 All of the following may be considered as Pledge by operation of law.
Except? a. The depositary may retain the thing pledged as long
as the fee due him/her by reason of deposit has been fully paid.
b. A person who executed a work upon a movable property may
retain the thing as pledged until he is paid. c. A thing
which has been retained by the third person by common agreement
of the parties to secure the fulfillment of an obligation. d.
The thing is retained until the necessary expenses thereto has been reimbursed. | back 26 A thing which has been retained by the third person by common
agreement of the parties to secure the fulfillment of an obligation. |
front 27 When a chattel mortgage is entered into as security for the purchase
of personal property payable in installments, no deficiency judgment
can be asked. Any agreement to the contrary shall be a. Valid
b. Voidable c. Unenforceable d. None of the above | |
front 28 Chan pledged his Rolex Watch to Jihoon. They want to know what is
needed to make the said contract binding as against third persons.
What will you advise them? a. The Description of Pledge and the
date of Pledge must appear in a Public Instrument. b. The
Rolex Watch must be placed in the possession of the Creditor or of
a Third Person by Common Agreement. c. The Contract of
Pledge must be made known to all interested persons. d. They
need to record the instrument in the Registry of Deeds. | back 28 The Description of Pledge and the date of Pledge must appear in a
Public Instrument. |
front 29 The pledgor may alienate the thing pledged provided: a. The
owner consents to the sale b. The pledgor consents to the sale
c. The pledgee consents to the sale d. The price is not
less than the amount of the loan | back 29 The pledgee consents to the sale |
front 30 For failure to pay, the Rolex Watch of the pledgor was sold in a
public auction. Assuming that the price for which it was sold is less
than the amount of the principal obligation, can the Creditor still
recover the deficiency? a. Yes. If there is a stipulation.
b. No. Even with stipulation. c. No. Even without
stipulation. d. Yes. Even without stipulation. | back 30 No. Even with stipulation. |
front 31 The possession of a property in a Contract of Pledge must be placed
in the possession of the___________________? a. Third
person b. Pledgor c. Creditor d. Debtor by common
agreement of the parties. | |
front 32 A Real Mortgage Contract extends to the following. Except? a.
Growing Fruits b. Coconut Tree c. Fence d. Dividends | |
front 33 How many auction/s should fail before the pledgee can appropriate the
thing pledged for himself? a. 3 b. 2 c. 4
d. 1 | |
front 34 Min borrowed P30,000 from Bong and pledged her necklace to secure the
debt. Without being paid, Bong returned the necklace. Min then
borrowed P10,000 from Kim and pledged the same necklace. How many
contract/s of pledge are existing? a. One b. None
c. Three d. Two | |
front 35 A chattel Mortgage is a conditional sale of personal property as
security of obligation, the condition being that the sale shall become
void upon _________________________. a. The lapse of
period agreed by the parties for the fulfillment of the
obligation. b. The purchaser fulfilling his/her obligation
to the seller. c. The return of the thing mortgaged to the
original owner or mortgagor d. The seller fulfilling his/her
obligation to the purchaser. | back 35 The seller fulfilling his/her obligation to the purchaser. |
front 36 Can a Pledgor validly sell the thing pledged? a. No. The
Pledgor cannot sell the same as long as the principal obligation has
not yet been fulfilled. b. No. The Pledgor cannot sell the same
because the possession thereof shall remain with the Pledgee.
c. Yes. Any stipulation forbidding the Pledgor to sell the same
is void. d. Yes. But only if the pledgee gives its consent. | back 36 Yes. But only if the pledgee gives its consent. |
front 37 The creditor/pledgee has the following rights, except to: a.
Use the thing pledged even without authority if such use in necessary
for its preservation b. Retain the thing in his possession until
the debt is paid. c. Automatically appropriate the thing pledged
upon default of the debtor in the payment of his debt d. Demand
reimbursement of the expenses made for the preservation of the thing. | back 37 Automatically appropriate the thing pledged upon default of the
debtor in the payment of his debt |
front 38 The debtor/pledgor has the following rights, except to: a. Ask
for the return of the thing pledged after he has paid the debt, its
interests, and with expenses in a proper case. b. Continue
to be the owner of the thing pledged unless it is expropriated.
c. Require the deposit of the thing with a third person if it is
in danger of being impaired or lost through the negligence or willful
act of the pledgee. d. Alienate the thing pledged without
the consent of the pledgee. | back 38 Alienate the thing pledged without the consent of the pledgee. |
front 39 What is the degree of care required from the Pledgee over the thing
pledged? a. Ordinary or standard diligence. b. No specific
diligence is required. c. Extra-ordinary diligence. d.
Diligence stipulated by the parties. | back 39 Ordinary or standard diligence. |
front 40 Required formalities of Chattel mortgage include: a. A required
fee of P3,000 in order to effect the validity of the chattel mortgage
b. Affidavit of good faith c. Includes A, B, and C
d. Both A and B e. Be registered in the Chattel Mortgage
Registry of the Registry of Deeds where the mortgagor resides or if he
resides outside the Philippines, in the place where the property
is situated. | |
front 41 For failure to pay, the Rolex Watch of the Pledgor was sold in a
public auction for a price higher than the amount of principal
obligation. Who is entitled to the proceeds in excess of the principal
obligation? a. The Debtor. Any stipulation to the contrary is
void. b. The Debtor. But only if there is a stipulation between
him and the Creditor. c. The Creditor. Any stipulation to the
contrary is void. d. The Creditor. But only if there is a
stipulation between him and the Debtor. | back 41 The Debtor. But only if there is a stipulation between him and the Creditor. |
front 42 An agreement prohibiting the owner from selling the property that was
mortgaged shall be ______________? a. Valid. As long as
the parties consented. b. Void. For being pactum commissorium.
c. Binding as between the parties. But may not be enforced as
against third persons unless registered in the Registry of Deeds.
d. Void. Notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary. | back 42 Void. Notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary |
front 43 When can the debtor ask for the return of the thing pledged? a.
Upon judicial demand of the debtor. b. Upon payment of debt and
interest only. c. Upon payment of debt, interest, and expenses
d. Upon payment of debt, interest but not expenses. | back 43 Upon payment of debt, interest, and expenses |
front 44 STATEMENT I. As regards third person, the real mortgage must be
recorded in the Registry of Property STATEMENT II. If the
mortgage is not recorded in the Registry of Property, it is binding
between the parties. a. Both statements are true. b. None
of the statements is true. c. Only second statement is true.
d. Only first statement is true. | back 44 Both statements are true. |
front 45 Which of the following is not an available remedy to the Pledgee, if
he/she is deceived by the Pledgor as to the substance or quality of
the thing pledged? a. He may claim another thing in its stead.
b. He may deposit the same thing to a third person even without
common agreement. c. He may ask for the immediate payment
of the entire obligation. d. He may ask for the immediate
satisfaction of the obligation. | back 45 He may deposit the same thing to a third person even without common agreement. |
front 46 As a general rule, the Creditor may use the thing pledged. a. I
agree. But only if there is no stipulation to the contrary. b. I
agree. But only if majority of its use is for preservation purposes.
c. I do not agree. Even if there is stipulation allowing the
Creditor. d. I do not agree. Unless there is authority given by
the Owner. | back 46 I do not agree. Unless there is authority given by the Owner. |
front 47 It is a contract in which the debtor guarantees to the creditor the
fulfillment of a principal obligation, subjecting for the faithful
compliance therewith a real property in case of non-fulfillment of
said obligation at the time stipulated a. Real Mortgage b.
Chattel Mortgage c. Pledge d. Antichresis | |
front 48 What is the status of the Real Mortgage Contract if it is not
recorded in the Registry of Deed? a. The Contract is valid until
annulled. b. The Contract is nevertheless valid as against third
persons. c. The Contract is Void ab initio and without any legal
effect. d. The Contract is nevertheless binding between the parties. | back 48 The Contract is nevertheless binding between the parties. |
front 49 Mr. Hong pledged his Shares of Stocks to Mr. Jeon. What is the
responsibility of Mr. Jeon over the dividends he will receive from the
same? a. Mr. Jeon is obliged to apply the dividends to the
Interests owing to him, and whatever excess thereof shall be applied
to the principal obligation. b. Mr. Jeon is obliged to apply the
dividends to the principal obligation. c. Mr. Jeon is obliged to
apply the dividends to the interests owing to him. d. Mr. Jeon
is obliged to apply the dividends to the principal obligation, and
whatever excess thereof shall be applied to the interests owing to him. | back 49 Mr. Jeon is obliged to apply the dividends to the Interests
owing to him, and whatever excess thereof shall be applied to the
principal obligation. |
front 50 All of the following may be obliged to pay the credit secured by a
Real Mortgage Contract. Except? a. Owner of the property.
b. Principal Borrower. c. Third person in possession of
the property. d. Mortgagee in possession of the property. | back 50 Mortgagee in possession of the property. |
front 51 Mingyu pledged his dog to Seungkwan. During the existence of the
contract, the Dog of Mingyu gave birth to a puppy. What is the
right/obligation of Seungkwan over the puppy? a. Seungkwan
may validly ask for the possession of the puppy of the dog
provided there is a stipulation. b. He must retain the
same even though there is stipulation to the contrary, because return
of the fruits of the thing pledged to the owner may extinguish the
pledge. c. He must surrender the same to the owner, Mingyu.
d. He may retain possession thereof, and consider the same as
part of the pledge. | back 51 He may retain possession thereof, and consider the same as part of
the pledge. |
front 52 Statement I: A chattel mortgage can only cover obligations existing
at the time the mortgage is constituted. Statement II: Since a
chattel mortgage is just a security, foreclosure thereof will not
prevent the mortgagee from applying any deficiency that may result
after applying the proceeds of the foreclosure sale to the obligation.
a. Both statements are true. b. Only second statement is
true. c. Only first statement is true. d. None of the
statements is true. | back 52 Both statements are true. |
front 53 If the debtor or pledgor fails to pay the obligation, the thing
pledged may __________________________. a. Be sold in a
public auction provided there is a stipulation expressly allowing the
creditor to do so. b. Be retained by the Creditor as his/her own
even without express agreement in the contract of pledge. c. Be
used as payment for the principal obligation in a separate and
subsequent contract. d. Be appropriated outright by the Creditor
if there is a stipulation in the contract of pledge allowing the
creditor to do so. | back 53 Be used as payment for the principal obligation in a separate and
subsequent contract. |
front 54 A contract of pledge is not effective between the contracting parties
until: a. Actual delivery of the thing pledged to the creditor
or to a third person by common agreement b. The notarization of
the contract c. Constructive delivery of the thing pledged
d. The contracting parties come to an agreement | back 54 Actual delivery of the thing pledged to the creditor or to a third
person by common agreement |
front 55 This refers to the right of a person to retain a thing until he
receives payment of his claim in the cases provided bylaw such as one
who has executed work on a movable. a. Voluntary pledge b.
Conventional pledge c. Chattel mortgage d. Legal pledge | |
front 56 Statement: I A third person who is not a party to the principal
obligation may mortgage his property to secure the obligation of the
debtor. Statement II: The mortgage is not indivisible. a.
Both statements are true. b. Only first statement is true
c. None of the statements is true. d. Only second
statement is true. | back 56 Only first statement is true |
front 57 What is the right of the pledgee if the thing pledged is in danger of
destruction, impairment or diminution without his fault?
a. To surrender the thing to the Owner and hold the latter as
depositary. b. To require the Pledgor to replace the same of
another thing of the same kind but not of inferior quality.
c. To have the thing sold in a public auction. d. To
immediately ask for the fulfillment of the obligation. | back 57 To have the thing sold in a public auction. |
front 58 Statement I: Pledge or mortgage may secure all kinds of obligations
whetherpure or subject to suspensive/resolutory condition or even
voidable, unenforceable or natural obligations. Statement
II: That the persons constituting the pledge or mortgage have the free
disposal of the property, and in the absence thereof, that they be
legally authorized for the purpose. a. Both statements are
true b. Both statements are false. c. Only second
statement is true. d. Only first statement is true. | |
front 59 Who shall be liable for the loss or deterioration of the thing
pledged? a. Creditor b. Both the creditor and debtor
c. Debtor d. Pledgor | |
front 60 Statement I: The parties may stipulate that after-acquired properties
are automatically included in the real-estate mortgage.
Statement II: A deed of real estate mortgage may expressly
provide that it may secure after-incurred or future obligations.
a. Only second statement is true. b. None of the
statements is true. c. Only first statement is true. d.
Both statements are true | |
front 61 In order to affect third persons, a real estate mortgage must be
registered with the Register of Deeds: a. Where both the
mortgagor and mortgagee reside b. Where the subject property is
located c. Where the mortgagee resides d. Where the
mortgagor resides | back 61 Where the subject property is located |
front 62 Statement I: The mortgage secures only the amount stated in the
mortgage deed which may be less than the amount of the principal
obligation. Statement II: A building can be separately mortgaged
from the land where it stands. a. Only first statement is true.
b. Both statements are true. c. None of the statements is
true. d. Only second statement is true. | back 62 Both statements are true. |
front 63 In legal pledge or pledge by operation of law, after payment of the
debt andexpenses, the remainder of the price of the sale a.
either a or b b. shall be delivered to the obligor c. None
of the above d. belongs to the obligee | back 63 shall be delivered to the obligor |
front 64 If the pledgor or mortgagor is not the owner of the thing pledged or
mortgaged, the contract of pledge or mortgage is: a. Void
b. Unenforceable c. Valid d. Voidable | |
front 65 Who is the ultimate liable for the expenses incurred in the
safekeeping of the thing pledged? a. Third person by common
agreement b. Pledgor c. Mortgagor d. Pledgee | |
front 66 Which of the following is not an essential requisite of Real
Mortgage? a. That the mortgagor must also be the absolute owner
of the property. b. That the owner constituting the mortgage
must have free disposal over the property. c. That the debtor
must also be the absolute owner of the property. d. That the
purpose must secure the fulfillment of a principal obligation. | back 66 That the debtor must also be the absolute owner of the property. |
front 67 Kim pledged his dog to Hoshi. During the existence of the contract,
the dog of Kim gave birth to a puppy. Who owns the puppy? a. The
puppy still belongs to Kim. But the same shall become subject also of
the pledge if there is no stipulation. b. The ownership over the
puppy shall belong to Hoshi as long as the obligation has not yet been
fulfilled. c. The puppy shall belong to Kim if there is a
stipulation. But the possession thereof shall remain to Hoshi.
d. The puppy belongs to Kim and shall be returned to him within
a reasonable period of time. | back 67 The puppy still belongs to Kim But the same shall become
subject also of the pledge if there is no stipulation. |
front 68 The pledgor has the same responsibility with a __________________?
a. Bailor b. Debtor c. Lessor d. Mortgagor | |
front 69 Which of the following may not be a valid object of a Contract of
Pledge? a. Alienable Real Rights b. Bonds c.
Warehouse Receipts d. Negotiable Instrument | |