5. The buffalo were nearly exterminated
a. as a result of being overhunted by Native Americans.
b. when their grasslands were turned into wheat and corn fields.
c. when their meat became valued in eastern markets.
d. by disease.
e. through wholesale butchery by whites.

E

6. In the long run, the group that probably did the most to shape the modern West were the
a. small businessmen that provided products and services to miners, railroad men, and cowboys.
b. miners.
c. railroad men.
d. cowboys.
e. hydraulic engineers.

E

7. The safety valve theory that the West dampened class conflict, while exaggerated, did have some validity
because
a. free Western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets.
b. Western farmers tended to be politically more conservative than those in the East.
c. wealthy western farmers hired many unemployed laborers from eastern cities.
d. Eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions.
e. Western cities had less class conflict than those in the East.

A

8. The Native Americans of the Plains were finally forced to surrender and end their resistance to losing their
lands
a. because they were decimated by their constant inter-tribal warfare.
b. when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting.
c. after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed.
d. when the government extended a better offer to relocate their people to unoccupied, large Western lands.
e. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

E

9. Helen Hunt Jackson's novel, Ramona, was centered around
a. the cruel mistreatment of Native Americans in California.
b. the cheating of Native Americans by federal agents on the reservations.
c. the efforts of Christian reformers to prevent the killing of Native Americans.
d. an indigenous girl's attempt to retain her culture in a Native American boarding school.
e. the last wars between the U.S. Army and the Apaches in the Southwest.

A

10. Match each Native American chief below with his tribe.
A. Chief Joseph 1. Apache
B. Sitting Bull 2. Cheyenne
C. Geronimo 3. Nez Perce
4. Sioux

a. A-1, B-2, C-3
b. A-3, B-4, C-1
c. A-2, B-4, C-3
d. A-4, B-3, C-2
e. A-1, B-3, C-4

B

11. What did the superintendent of the census announce in 1890?
a. a frontier line was no longer discernable
b. more Americans lived in the West than the East
c. the frontier line had expanded
d. gold rushes in the West had tripled the population
e. Buffalo outnumbered people in Montana

A

12. Which of the following was not an affect on Native-American life resulting from the 1887 Dawes Severalty
Act?
a. The act dissolved Native-American tribes as legal entities.
b. The act wiped out tribal ownership of land.
c. It set up schools for Native Americans as a way to retain their history and culture.
d. It promised citizenship and property rights to Native Americans after 25 years.
e. The act reallocated land to Native American family heads.

C

13. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier were
a. Eastern city dwellers.
b. Eastern farmers.
c. recent immigrants.
d. freedmen.
e. women.

A

14. The bitter conflict between whites and Native Americans intensified
a. during the Civil War.
b. as mining operations receded in the West.
c. when big business took over the mining industry.
d. as the mining frontier expanded.
e. after the Battle of Wounded Knee.

D

15. The 19th-century humanitarians who advocated kind treatment of native Americans
a. had no more respect for traditional Native American culture than those who sought to exterminate them.
b. advocated improving the reservation system.
c. opposed passage of the Dawes Act.
d. understood the value of the Native Americans' religious and cultural practices.
e. None of these choices are correct.

A

16. The largest single source of silver and gold in the frontier of the West was discovered in 1859 in
a. Montana.
b. the Black Hills of South Dakota.
c. California.
d. New Mexico.
e. Nevada.

E

17. A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when
a. the U.S. Army decided to retaliate for the Fetterman massacre.
b. Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the Dakotas.
c. Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana.
d. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.
e. the federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux lands to settlement.

D

18. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was
a. the high price of land.
b. the low market value of grain.
c. the scarcity of water.
d. overcrowding.
e. the opposition of miners.

C

19. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Native American-white relations, was
authored by
a. Harriet Beecher Stowe.
b. Helen Hunt Jackson.
c. Chief Joseph.
d. Joseph F. Glidden.
e. Chief Black Elk of the Oglala Sioux.

B

20. All of the following are true statements about the Homestead Act EXCEPT
a. it was consistent with previous government public land policy designed primarily to raise revenue for
government.
b. about a half million families carved out new homes in the 40 years after its passage.
c. ten times more of the public land ended up in the hands of land speculators than farmers.
d. thousands of people didn't last the five years required by the Homestead Act.

A

21. Western cities like Denver and San Francisco did serve as a major safety valve by providing
a. a home for new immigrants from Europe.
b. recreational activities for its inhabitants.
c. a home for economically struggling farmers, miners, and easterners.
d. subsidized and low-cost housing for immigrants from China and Japan.
e. None of these choices are correct.

C

22. Large numbers of Europeans were persuaded to come to America to farm on the Northern frontier by
a. railroad agents who offered to sell them cheap land.
b. churches and other nonprofit organizations.
c. the offer of free homestead land by the U.S. government.
d. European governments.
e. All of these choices are correct.

A

23. What was the first national park established by the federal government?
a. Yellowstone
b. Carlsbad
c. Great Plains
d. Adirondack
e. Grand Canyon

A

24. As a result of the Battle of Little Bighorn
a. the government sent extensive military reinforcements to the Dakotas and Montana.
b. the government signed another Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, abandoning the Bozeman Trail and
guaranteeing the Sioux their lands.
c. the government adopted a policy of "civilizing" Native Americans rather than trying to conquer them.
d. white settlers agreed to halt their expansion beyond the 100th meridian.
e. the conflict between the U.S. Army and the Sioux came to a peaceful end.

B

25. After exploring much of the West, geologist John Wesley Powell advised in 1874 that
a. the rush of settlers was devastating the western environment.
b. land west of the 100th meridian could not be farmed without extensive irrigation.
c. damming western rivers for irrigation purposes would damage mountains and forests.
d. mining was the only industry that could sustain the western economy.
e. irrigation was not necessary for farming west of the 100th meridian because of adequate rainfall and
fertile lands in this region.

B

26. One major problem with the Homestead Act was that
a. the government continued to try to maximize its revenue from public lands.
b. 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.
c. Midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition with the West.
d. most homesteaders knew little or nothing about farming in the West.
e. it took several years to earn a profit from farming a homestead.

B

27. The Buffalo Soldiers were
a. U.S. Army units who survived on the plains by killing buffalo.
b. African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.
c. soldiers who sought to defeat the Native Americans by depriving them of their primary food supply.
d. soldiers who were killed in the Fetterman massacre.
e. soldiers who were court-martialed for assisting Native Americans with food and other provisions.

B

28. The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the
a. Battle of Wounded Knee.
b. Sand Creek massacre.
c. Battle of Little Bighorn.
d. Dawes Severalty Act.
e. Indian Reorganization Act.

A

29. Why did Western Kansas lose half of its population between 1888 and 1892?
a. as a result of a six-year drought
b. the repeal of the Homestead Act
c. residents left for gold mines in Nevada
d. the railroad lured people to larger cities in the east
e. the return of aggressive Native American tribes

A

30. To assimilate indigenous peoples into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following EXCEPT
a. dissolve many tribes as legal entities.
b. try to make rugged individualists of the Native Americans.
c. wipe out tribal ownership of land.
d. promise Native Americans U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years.
e. expand recognized tribes' collective land ownership holdings.

E

31. How did some settlers and corporations commit fraud under the Homestead Act?
a. by hiring employees and immigrants to serve as “dummy” homesteaders
b. by posing as government agents and seizing the land
c. bribing civil service workers in the Land Grant Office
d. bribing members of the United States Senate

A

32. Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier?
a. Women worked as prostitutes on the frontier.
b. Some women made money running boarding houses.
c. Women were voluntary participants in the saloon drinking and culture of the frontier West.
d. Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.
e. Women found a variety of opportunities in the West.

D

33. Native Americans battled whites for all the following reasons EXCEPT to
a. rescue their families who had been exiled to Oklahoma.
b. avenge savage massacres of their people by whites.
c. punish whites for breaking treaties.
d. defend their lands against white invaders.
e. preserve their nomadic way of life against forced settlement.

A

34. In the warfare that raged between the Native Americans and the U.S. military after the Civil War,
a. the Native Americans were never as well armed as the soldiers.
b. the U.S. Army was able to dominate with its superior technology.
c. there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.
d. Native Americans proved to be no match for the soldiers.
e. Native Americans and soldiers seldom came into face-to-face combat.

C

35. In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible,
Americans were disturbed because
a. they knew that the Homestead Act would no longer do them much good.
b. they thought that there would be renewed warfare between Native Americans and settlers.
c. the idea of an endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.
d. many of them hoped eventually to migrate to the West.
e. they feared that an influx of new western states would strengthen the Populists and other radicals.

C

36. Which Scottish author wrote a travel journey across the American West?
a. Robert Louis Stevenson
b. Jules Verne
c. Irvine Welsh
d. Kate Chopin
e. Helen Hunt Jackson

A

37. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Native American
a. prosperity.
b. annihilation.
c. assimilation.
d. culture.
e. education.

C

38. In post-Civil War America, Native Americans of the Plains surrendered their lands ONLY when they
a. chose to migrate farther west.
b. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies
on the remaining land.
c. lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses.
d. were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to the reservations.
e. were defeated militarily by the U.S. Army in various Indian wars.

B

39. The decline of the long drive and the cattle boom resulted from
a. the settlement of homesteading farmers on range land.
b. a series of extraordinarily severe winters.
c. overgrazing and overproduction.
d. the inability to recruit enough veteran cowboys.
e. barbed-wire fencing.

A, B, C, E

40. Frontier towns where cattle were shipped east after being driven north on the "Long Drive" from Texas
included
a. Dodge City, Kansas.
b. Deadwood, South Dakota.
c. Abilene, Kansas.
d. Abilene, Texas.
e. Cheyenne, Wyoming.

A, C, E

41. Factors eventually leading to the defeat of the Native Americans of the Plains included
a. the arrival of the railroads in the West.
b. disease.
c. near-extermination of the buffalo.
d. warfare with the U.S. Army.
e. extinction of Native American religious beliefs.

A, B, C, D