front 1 Osmoregulation: | back 1 The process of maintaining an internal balance of water and solutes, which is vital for cell function and homeostasis |
front 2 Excretion: | back 2 The elimination of metabolic waste products from the body, helping to regulate water and solute levels |
front 3 Why are nitrogenous wastes associated with nucleic acids and
proteins, but not with lipids or | back 3
|
front 4 Explain water movement in an isoosmotic condition. When two solutions
separated by a | back 4 In an isoosmotic condition, water movement across a membrane is balanced, with no net gain or loss of water on either side. When solutions differ in osmolarity, water flows from the hypoosmotic (lower solute concentration) to the hyperosmotic (higher solute concentration) side |
front 5 An animal can maintain water balance in two ways. Explain the
difference between | back 5
|
front 6 explain osmoregulation in saltwater (marine) and freshwater fish. | back 6
|
front 7 Why do many organisms have a body fluid composition adapted to the
salinity of their | back 7 Many organisms adapt their body fluid composition to the salinity of their environment to reduce energy use in osmoregulation, as maintaining homeostasis requires less energy when body fluids closely match the environment. |
front 8 explain why an albatross can | back 8 Albatrosses use countercurrent flow in salt glands to excrete excess salts, enabling them to drink seawater. Humans lack this efficient salt-excreting adaptation, so seawater consumption would disrupt human electrolyte balance |
front 9 What are the three forms in which animals excrete nitrogenous wastes? | back 9 ammonia , urea, uric acid |
front 10 Ammonia | back 10 Highly toxic, excreted by aquatic animals fish, where it’s diluted. |
front 11 Urea | back 11 Less toxic, used by terrestrial animals, allowing for water conservation. |
front 12 Uric acid | back 12 Least toxic, excreted by birds and reptiles to conserve water, especially beneficial for egg-laying species. |
front 13 Why do many egg-laying animals excrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste? | back 13 Uric acid’s low toxicity and water insolubility make it suitable for egg-laying animals, where it can accumulate without harming the developing embryo. |
front 14 Explain why endotherms produce more nitrogenous waste than ectotherms, and why predators excrete more than herbivores. | back 14
|
front 15 Filtration | back 15 Blood plasma is filtered into the excretory tubule. |
front 16 Reabsorption | back 16 Valuable solutes and water are reabsorbed into the blood. |
front 17 Secretion | back 17 Additional waste substances are added to the filtrate. |
front 18 Excretion | back 18 The remaining filtrate (urine) is expelled. |
front 19 Protonephridia | back 19 Network of tubules for filtration in flatworms Flatworms |
front 20 Metanephridia | back 20 Tubules in segmented worms for filtration Earthworms |
front 21 Malpighian tubules | back 21 Remove waste and conserve water in insects Insects |
front 22 Kidneys | back 22 Complex filtering organs in vertebrates Mammals, reptiles |
front 23 Mammalian Kidney Anatomy | back 23 The mammalian kidney includes excretory organs (renal cortex, renal medulla, nephrons) and blood vessels (renal artery, renal vein). |
front 24 Kidney | back 24 Filters blood, produces urine. |
front 25 Ureters | back 25 Transport urine from kidneys to bladder. |
front 26 Bladder | back 26 Stores urine. |
front 27 Urethra | back 27 Expels urine. |
front 28 Nephron | back 28 The functional unit of the kidney, where filtration occurs. |
front 29 What is the functional difference between a cortical nephron and a juxtamedullary nephron? | back 29
|
front 30 The first step of excretion is filtration. Carefully read the
information accompanying the | back 30 Blood pressure forces plasma into Bowman’s capsule, filtering out large molecules and cells, retaining only small molecules and ions |
front 31 Processing Blood Filtrate | back 31 As blood filtrate passes through each nephron region, processes like reabsorption and secretion refine urine composition and concentration. |
front 32 Filtration | back 32 Glomerulus, Blood filtered into nephron |
front 33 Reabsorption | back 33 Proximal tubule, Reclaims valuable solutes |
front 34 Secretion | back 34 Distal tubule, Adds waste to filtrate |
front 35 Excretion | back 35 Collecting duct, Final urine exits to ureter |
front 36 Countercurrent Multiplier System | back 36 This system in the loop of Henle allows for water reabsorption and urine concentration by creating a gradient, reducing water loss |
front 37 Explain how urine can be isoosmotic to the inner medulla’s
interstitial fluid but hyperosmotic | back 37 Urine can be isoosmotic to the medullary interstitial fluid but hyperosmotic to blood due to concentrated solutes in the medulla, enhancing water reabsorption. |
front 38 Among mammals, differences in nephron structure have evolved that
reflect the habitat of the | back 38 Desert mammals have longer loops of Henle to maximize water reabsorption, while aquatic mammals like beavers have shorter loops, as they don’t face water scarcity. |
front 39 explain the general, systemic role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
in | back 39 ADH helps maintain blood osmolarity by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating urine when hydration is low. |
front 40 What type of feedback regulation is illustrated in the preceding question? | back 40
|