front 1 Use three sentences to explain the three nutritional needs an adequate diet must satisfy | back 1
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front 2 What are essential amino acids? What must vegetarians do in order to obtain them? | back 2 Essential amino acids are amino acids that animals must obtain from their diet, as their bodies cannot synthesize them. Vegetarians can obtain all essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant-based protein sources, such as grains and legumes, which complement each other. |
front 3 Which category of vitamin, water soluble or fat | back 3 Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are more likely to cause overdose because they are stored in body fat and liver rather than excreted through urine, leading to toxicity if taken excessively. |
front 4 What is the difference between malnutrition and undernutrition? | back 4 Malnutrition refers to imbalanced nutrient intake, including deficiencies and excesses. Undernutrition is specifically about a lack of calories or nutrients, leading to underweight and related health issues. |
front 5 Ingestion | back 5 Intake of food. |
front 6 Digestion | back 6 Breaking down food mechanically and chemically to smaller molecules. |
front 7 Absorption | back 7 Uptake of nutrients into body cells. |
front 8 Elimination | back 8 Removal of undigested material from the body. |
front 9 Filter Feeding (e.g., whales) | back 9 Sifting small organisms or particles from water. |
front 10 Substrate Feeding (e.g., caterpillars) | back 10 Living in or on their food source. |
front 11 Fluid Feeding (e.g., mosquitoes) | back 11 Sucking nutrient-rich fluid from a host. |
front 12 Bulk Feeding (e.g., humans) | back 12 Eating large food pieces. |
front 13 Distinguish between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. | back 13 Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking food into smaller pieces (e.g., chewing). Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food molecules into absorbable components. |
front 14 What is enzymatic hydrolysis? | back 14 Enzymatic hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of food by enzymes, adding water to break bonds within macromolecules. |
front 15 Organic Macromolecules and Building Blocks: | back 15
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front 16 In what sense are nutrients from a recently ingested meal not really
“inside” your body | back 16 Nutrients from food are technically "outside" the body until they cross the intestinal lining during absorption, moving from the gut lumen into cells |
front 17 Explain the difference between intracellular and extracellular
digestion and give a | back 17 Intracellular digestion (e.g., sponges) involves cells directly engulfing food particles. Extracellular digestion occurs in a digestive system, where food is broken down outside cells and then absorbed. |
front 18 What is an alimentary canal? Where does it start and end? | back 18 The alimentary canal is a digestive tract that extends from the mouth to the anus, allowing food to be digested in sequential compartments. |
front 19 Why does saliva contain so much amylase? | back 19 Amylase in saliva begins breaking down starches into sugars, an essential first step in carbohydrate digestion |
front 20 How is food kept from entering the trachea when we swallow? | back 20 The epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing, directing food into the esophagus and preventing it from entering the lungs. |
front 21 What is peristalsis and where does it begin? | back 21 the rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract that starts in the esophagus to push food toward the stomach and throughout the intestines. |
front 22 What are the two functions of the stomach? | back 22 The stomach mechanically churns food and chemically digests proteins with gastric juice, including hydrochloric acid and enzymes. |
front 23 Stomach Structures: | back 23
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front 24 What is the digestive function of the liver? | back 24 The liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion by emulsifying fats in the small intestine |
front 25 What is the function of bile? Where is it stored? | back 25 Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier for enzymes to break down. It is stored in the gallbladder |
front 26 What are the two digestive functions of the small intestine? | back 26 The small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream |
front 27 Enzyme Activity in Digestion | back 27 Different enzymes in each digestive region break down macromolecules (e.g., amylase in the mouth for carbohydrates, protease in the stomach for proteins, and lipase in the small intestine for fats). |
front 28 Remember the mantra: Structure fits function. How is that true for
the villi of the small | back 28 <p>Villi increase the small intestine's surface area, enhancing nutrient absorption due to their large surface area and close proximity to blood vessels.</p> <br> |
front 29 The small intestine connects to the large intestine at a T-shaped
junction. One arm forms a | back 29 The cecum helps in digesting plant material, as it contains bacteria that break down cellulose |
front 30 Where is the human appendix located? What function does it have? | back 30 The appendix is located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It may play a role in immune function and gut microbiome maintenance. |
front 31 What is a major function of the colon? | back 31 the colon reabsorbs water from digested material, forming and storing feces. |
front 32 What makes up the feces? | back 32 Feces consist of undigested food, bacteria, cells from the digestive tract lining, and waste products |
front 33 Dietary Specialization in Teeth | back 33 Herbivores have flat teeth for grinding plants; carnivores have sharp teeth for tearing meat; omnivores possess both types, reflecting their mixed diet. |
front 34 Why do herbivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores? | back 34 Herbivores have longer alimentary canals for more extensive breakdown and absorption of plant materials, which are harder to digest. |
front 35 The colon is inhabited by an immense number of bacteria which comprise part of your microbiome. What do these mutualistic symbiotic bacteria do for you? | back 35 Symbiotic bacteria help in digestion, producing vitamins, aiding immunity, and breaking down complex carbohydrates. |
front 36 Does stress cause ulcers? Discuss the finding that received the 2005 Nobel Prize | back 36 While stress can exacerbate symptoms, most ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This discovery won the Nobel Prize in 2005. |
front 37 How can fecal microbial transplantation play in a role in treating intestinal infections? | back 37 Transplanting healthy microbiota can help treat infections like Clostridium difficile, restoring gut health by reintroducing beneficial bacteria. |
front 38 Mutualistic symbiosis is important to digestion in many other species
besides man. How do | back 38 Herbivores rely on mutualistic bacteria in their gut to digest cellulose since they lack enzymes to break down this complex carbohydrate. |
front 39 Hormonal Regulation in Digestion: | back 39 Digestive hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) manage enzyme release and feedback pathways, maintaining balanced digestion. |
front 40 Glucose Homeostasis: | back 40 Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells, while glucagon raises it by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver. |
front 41 Type 1 diabetes | back 41 is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells, requiring insulin injections. |
front 42 Type 2 diabetes | back 42 results from insulin resistance, often managed through lifestyle changes and medications. |