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41 notecards = 11 pages (4 cards per page)

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kingdom animalia 2

front 1

PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA (Lamp Shells)

back 1

Characteristics:

  • Commonly known as lamp shells.
  • One of the lophophorate phyla.
  • Possess a "U" shaped lophophore with beating tentacles surrounding the mouth.
  • Most common animals of the Paleozoic sea.
  • Bilateral symmetry.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers).
  • Organs present.
  • Tube-in-tube body structure.
  • Classified under deuterostomes based on embryological patterns.

front 2

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

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Characteristics:

  • Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults exhibit radial symmetry, with madrepore skewed to one side.
  • Possess a water vascular system for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange, and sensory perception.
  • Tube feet are present.
  • Nerve ring made of nervous cells.
  • Ossicles form a calcareous endoskeleton (spines/bumps).
  • Separate sexes; all marine.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers) with organ systems present.
  • Capable of regeneration (e.g., sea stars and sea cucumbers).

front 3

Class Asteroidea

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  • Includes sea stars (starfish) and sea daisies.
  • Star-shaped body with mouth directed toward the substrate.
  • Tube feet located on suckers, capable of arm regeneration.

front 4

Class Ophiuroidea

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  • Includes brittle stars.
  • Slender body resembling a starved sea star; long, flexible arms.
  • No tube feet on suckers.

front 5

Class Echinoidea

back 5

  • Includes regular (sea urchins) and irregular (sand dollars) echinoids.
  • Body (test) is made of fused plates; no arms.

front 6

Class Holothuroidea

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  • Commonly known as sea cucumbers.
  • Soft-bodied with reduced spines and no arms.
  • Capable of regeneration; defense mechanism is evisceration.
  • Five rows of tube feet, with modified tube feet near the mouth for feeding.

front 7

Class Crinoidea

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  • Includes feather stars, basket stars, and sea lilies.
  • Oldest and most primitive of echinoderms.
  • Mouth points upward; fossilizes well in chert rock.

front 8

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (Acorn Worms)

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Characteristics:

  • Commonly known as acorn worms.
  • Head region shaped like an acorn.
  • Possess a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits.
  • Gill slits and nerve cord indicate a relationship to chordates.

front 9

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Key Characteristics:

back 9

  1. Presence of pharyngeal gill slits.
  2. Presence of a notochord.
  3. Presence of a dorsal hollow nerve cord.
  4. Presence of a muscular post-anal tail and blocks of muscle.

front 10

PHYLUM CHORDATA

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General Characteristics:

  • Coelomate with bilateral symmetry.
  • Tube-in-tube body plan.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers).
  • Segmented body with present organ systems.

front 11

Subphylum Urochordata

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  • Includes tunicates and sea squirts.
  • Adults are sessile and filter feeders, resembling a bag.
  • Possess gill slits but lose other chordate characteristics in adult form; larval forms retain bilateral symmetry and all four chordate characteristics.

front 12

Subphylum Cephalochordata

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  • Commonly known as lancelets (e.g., Amphioxus/Brachiostoma).
  • Filter feeders; adults retain all four chordate characteristics.

front 13

Subphylum Craniata

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  • Includes vertebrates (backboned animals).
  • Backbone replaces the notochord, can be cartilaginous (e.g., hagfish and chondrichthyes) or calcified (all other vertebrates).
  • Segmentation evident in muscles and vertebrae.
  • Gill slits may be retained or modified in adult forms; tails may be present or only during embryonic stages.

front 14

GROUPING:PISCES (The Fishes)

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CLASS MYXINI (Hagfish)

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA (Lamprey)

GNATHOSTOMES

CLASS PLACODERMI

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

front 15

Devonian was the

back 15

"Age of Fishes."

front 16

CLASS MYXINI (Hagfish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Jawless fish, grouped with lampreys as "cyclostomes."
    • Highly reduced vertebrae; cartilage body support.
    • Mouth has keratinized tooth-like structures.
    • 2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle).
    • Marine detritus feeders, secreting slime for defense.

front 17

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA (Lamprey)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Jawless, parasitic; penetrates host skin with teeth and tongue.
    • Cartilaginous skeleton without collagen.
    • Flexible sheath around notochord, with stiff projections.
    • 2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle).

front 18

GNATHOSTOMES (Jawed Fishes)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Developed hinged jaws; lateral line system for detecting vibrations.

front 19

CLASS PLACODERMI (Armored Fish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Extinct group known for plated skin.

front 20

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (Cartilaginous Fishes)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Includes sharks, skates, rays, and ratfish.
    • No swim bladder or lungs; retains urea for osmoregulation.
    • Modified scales for teeth; 2-chambered heart; internal fertilization.

front 21

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (Bony Fish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Bone replaces cartilage during development.
    • Possesses operculum and may have a swim bladder.
    • 2-chambered heart; most exhibit external fertilization.

front 22

subclass Sarcopterygii

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Includes fleshy-finned fish (e.g., coelacanths).

front 23

subclass Actinopterygii

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Includes ray-finned fish (e.g., goldfish, catfish).

front 24

grouping: tetrapoda

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Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia

Class Aves (Birds)

Class Mammalia

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Class Amphibia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from lobe-finned fish; lungs and moist skin for gas exchange.
    • 3-chambered heart; primarily external fertilization.
    • Undergo metamorphosis; some show neoteny.

front 26

orders Class Amphibia

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  • Anura
  • Urodela
  • Apoda

front 27

Anura

back 27

Frogs and toads; observe preserved specimens.

front 28

Urodela

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Salamanders and newts; observe preserved specimens.

front 29

Apoda

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Legless, segmented worm-like forms.

front 30

Class Reptilia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Ectothermic; 3-chambered heart (except crocodiles).
    • Amniotic egg; keratinized, dry skin.

front 31

orders of Class Reptilia

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  • Chelonia
  • Rhynchocephalia
  • Squamata
  • Crocodilia

front 32

Chelonia

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Turtles and tortoises; observe specimens.

front 33

Rhynchocephalia

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Tuatara; unique with a 3rd eye.

front 34

Squamata

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Lizards and snakes; observe specimens.

front 35

Crocodilia

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Alligators and crocodiles; only crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart.

front 36

Class Aves (Birds)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from thecodonts; 4-chambered heart.
    • Air sacs for gas exchange; hollow bones for lighter body.
    • Endothermic; care for young; amniotic egg.

front 37

Class Mammalia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from theapsids; hair made of keratin; mammary glands.
    • 4-chambered heart; endothermic.

front 38

Groups of class mammalia

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  • Monotremes
  • Marsupials
  • Placentals

front 39

Monotremes

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Egg-laying (e.g., platypus).

front 40

Marsupials

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Immature young develop in pouch.

front 41

Placentals

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Young nourished via placenta.