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41 notecards = 11 pages (4 cards per page)

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kingdom animalia 2

front 1

PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA (Lamp Shells)

back 1

Characteristics:

  • Commonly known as lamp shells.
  • One of the lophophorate phyla.
  • Possess a "U" shaped lophophore with beating tentacles surrounding the mouth.
  • Most common animals of the Paleozoic sea.
  • Bilateral symmetry.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers).
  • Organs present.
  • Tube-in-tube body structure.
  • Classified under deuterostomes based on embryological patterns.

front 2

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

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Characteristics:

  • Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults exhibit radial symmetry, with madrepore skewed to one side.
  • Possess a water vascular system for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange, and sensory perception.
  • Tube feet are present.
  • Nerve ring made of nervous cells.
  • Ossicles form a calcareous endoskeleton (spines/bumps).
  • Separate sexes; all marine.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers) with organ systems present.
  • Capable of regeneration (e.g., sea stars and sea cucumbers).

front 3

Class Asteroidea

back 3

  • Includes sea stars (starfish) and sea daisies.
  • Star-shaped body with mouth directed toward the substrate.
  • Tube feet located on suckers, capable of arm regeneration.

front 4

Class Ophiuroidea

back 4

  • Includes brittle stars.
  • Slender body resembling a starved sea star; long, flexible arms.
  • No tube feet on suckers.

front 5

Class Echinoidea

back 5

  • Includes regular (sea urchins) and irregular (sand dollars) echinoids.
  • Body (test) is made of fused plates; no arms.

front 6

Class Holothuroidea

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  • Commonly known as sea cucumbers.
  • Soft-bodied with reduced spines and no arms.
  • Capable of regeneration; defense mechanism is evisceration.
  • Five rows of tube feet, with modified tube feet near the mouth for feeding.

front 7

Class Crinoidea

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  • Includes feather stars, basket stars, and sea lilies.
  • Oldest and most primitive of echinoderms.
  • Mouth points upward; fossilizes well in chert rock.

front 8

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (Acorn Worms)

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Characteristics:

  • Commonly known as acorn worms.
  • Head region shaped like an acorn.
  • Possess a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits.
  • Gill slits and nerve cord indicate a relationship to chordates.

front 9

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Key Characteristics:

back 9

  1. Presence of pharyngeal gill slits.
  2. Presence of a notochord.
  3. Presence of a dorsal hollow nerve cord.
  4. Presence of a muscular post-anal tail and blocks of muscle.

front 10

PHYLUM CHORDATA

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General Characteristics:

  • Coelomate with bilateral symmetry.
  • Tube-in-tube body plan.
  • Triploblastic (three germ layers).
  • Segmented body with present organ systems.

front 11

Subphylum Urochordata

back 11

  • Includes tunicates and sea squirts.
  • Adults are sessile and filter feeders, resembling a bag.
  • Possess gill slits but lose other chordate characteristics in adult form; larval forms retain bilateral symmetry and all four chordate characteristics.

front 12

Subphylum Cephalochordata

back 12

  • Commonly known as lancelets (e.g., Amphioxus/Brachiostoma).
  • Filter feeders; adults retain all four chordate characteristics.

front 13

Subphylum Craniata

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  • Includes vertebrates (backboned animals).
  • Backbone replaces the notochord, can be cartilaginous (e.g., hagfish and chondrichthyes) or calcified (all other vertebrates).
  • Segmentation evident in muscles and vertebrae.
  • Gill slits may be retained or modified in adult forms; tails may be present or only during embryonic stages.

front 14

GROUPING:PISCES (The Fishes)

back 14

CLASS MYXINI (Hagfish)

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA (Lamprey)

GNATHOSTOMES

CLASS PLACODERMI

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

front 15

Devonian was the

back 15

"Age of Fishes."

front 16

CLASS MYXINI (Hagfish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Jawless fish, grouped with lampreys as "cyclostomes."
    • Highly reduced vertebrae; cartilage body support.
    • Mouth has keratinized tooth-like structures.
    • 2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle).
    • Marine detritus feeders, secreting slime for defense.

front 17

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA (Lamprey)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Jawless, parasitic; penetrates host skin with teeth and tongue.
    • Cartilaginous skeleton without collagen.
    • Flexible sheath around notochord, with stiff projections.
    • 2-chambered heart (1 atrium, 1 ventricle).

front 18

GNATHOSTOMES (Jawed Fishes)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Developed hinged jaws; lateral line system for detecting vibrations.

front 19

CLASS PLACODERMI (Armored Fish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Extinct group known for plated skin.

front 20

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES (Cartilaginous Fishes)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Includes sharks, skates, rays, and ratfish.
    • No swim bladder or lungs; retains urea for osmoregulation.
    • Modified scales for teeth; 2-chambered heart; internal fertilization.

front 21

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES (Bony Fish)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Bone replaces cartilage during development.
    • Possesses operculum and may have a swim bladder.
    • 2-chambered heart; most exhibit external fertilization.

front 22

subclass Sarcopterygii

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Includes fleshy-finned fish (e.g., coelacanths).

front 23

subclass Actinopterygii

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Includes ray-finned fish (e.g., goldfish, catfish).

front 24

grouping: tetrapoda

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Class Amphibia

Class Reptilia

Class Aves (Birds)

Class Mammalia

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Class Amphibia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from lobe-finned fish; lungs and moist skin for gas exchange.
    • 3-chambered heart; primarily external fertilization.
    • Undergo metamorphosis; some show neoteny.

front 26

orders Class Amphibia

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  • Anura
  • Urodela
  • Apoda

front 27

Anura

back 27

Frogs and toads; observe preserved specimens.

front 28

Urodela

back 28

Salamanders and newts; observe preserved specimens.

front 29

Apoda

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Legless, segmented worm-like forms.

front 30

Class Reptilia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Ectothermic; 3-chambered heart (except crocodiles).
    • Amniotic egg; keratinized, dry skin.

front 31

orders of Class Reptilia

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  • Chelonia
  • Rhynchocephalia
  • Squamata
  • Crocodilia

front 32

Chelonia

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Turtles and tortoises; observe specimens.

front 33

Rhynchocephalia

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Tuatara; unique with a 3rd eye.

front 34

Squamata

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Lizards and snakes; observe specimens.

front 35

Crocodilia

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Alligators and crocodiles; only crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart.

front 36

Class Aves (Birds)

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from thecodonts; 4-chambered heart.
    • Air sacs for gas exchange; hollow bones for lighter body.
    • Endothermic; care for young; amniotic egg.

front 37

Class Mammalia

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  • Characteristics:
    • Evolved from theapsids; hair made of keratin; mammary glands.
    • 4-chambered heart; endothermic.

front 38

Groups of class mammalia

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  • Monotremes
  • Marsupials
  • Placentals

front 39

Monotremes

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Egg-laying (e.g., platypus).

front 40

Marsupials

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Immature young develop in pouch.

front 41

Placentals

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Young nourished via placenta.