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Chapter 10, AP Biology

front 1

autotroph

back 1

"self-feeders"

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

producers

ultimate source of organic compounds

front 2

where did photosynthesis first evolve?

back 2

prokaryotes

front 3

prior to the evolution of photosynthesis...

back 3

there was very little oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere

(photosynthesis produces oxygen as a waste product)

front 4

heterotroph

back 4

consumers

live on compounds produced by other organisms

dependent on the process of photosynthesis for both food and oxygen

front 5

chloroplasts

back 5

the specific sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

front 6

stroma

back 6

dense, fluid-filled area

enclosed by an envelope of two membranes

front 7

thylakoids

back 7

within the stroma

vast network of interconnected membranous sacs

front 8

thylakoid space

back 8

compartment, segregated from stroma by thylakoids

front 9

the thylakoids set up compartments...

back 9

separate from the stroma

this allows a proton gradient to be established

front 10

chlorophyll

back 10

located in the thylakoid membranes

is the light-absorbing pigment that drives photosynthesis

gives plants their green color

front 11

stomata

back 11

many tiny pores

found in the exterior of the lower epidermis of a leaf

the means through which carbon dioxide enters, and oxygen/water vapor exit the leaf

front 12

transpiration

back 12

the loss of water through open stomata

front 13

overall photosynthesis reaction

back 13

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

front 14

the overall chemical change during photosynthesis is...

back 14

the reverse of the one that occurs during cellular respiration

front 15

water is split for its electrons...

back 15

which are transferred along with hydrogen ions from water to carbon dioxide, reducing it to sugar

an endergonic process, requires energy from the sun

front 16

oxygen we breathe is formed...

back 16

in the process of photosynthesis when a water molecule is split

front 17

photosynthesis occurs in how many stages?

back 17

two

light reactions and calvin cycle

front 18

the light reactions

back 18

occur in the thylakoid membranes

solar energy -> chemical energy

front 19

net products of light reactions

back 19

NADPH (which stores electrons), ATP, and oxygen

front 20

step one of the light reactions

back 20

light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, which drives the transfer of electrons from water to NADP+, forming NADPH

front 21

step two of the light reactions

back 21

water is split, oxygen is released

front 22

step three of the light reactions

back 22

ATP is generated, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, a process called photophosphorylation

front 23

calvin cycle

back 23

occurs in the stroma

CO2 from the air is incorporated into organic molecules in carbon fixation

uses the fixed carbon plus NADPH and ATP from the light reactions in the formation of new sugars

front 24

carbon fixation

back 24

CO2 from the air is incorporated into organic molecules

front 25

light

back 25

the primary energy source for life on earth

electromagnetic energy that travels in rhythmic waves

front 26

visible spectrum

back 26

the portion of light that we can see

consists of the colors red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet

ie. ROY G BIV

front 27

photons

back 27

light behaves as though it is made up of discrete particles

each of which has a fixed quantity of energy

front 28

pigments

back 28

substances that absorb light

front 29

different pigments...

back 29

absorb light of different wavelengths

front 30

chlorophyll is a...

back 30

pigment

it absorbs violet-blue and red while transmitting and reflecting green light

this is why we see summer leaves as green

front 31

absorption spectrum

back 31

a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption as a function of wavelength

for chlorophyll, it provides clues to the effectiveness of different wavelengths for driving photosynthesis (confirmed by an action spectrum)

front 32

action spectrum

back 32

graphs, for photosynthesis, the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving the process of photosynthesis

confirms that plants use energy from red and blue light (which is absorbed) and very little energy from green light (which is reflected)

front 33

photons of light are absorbed by...

back 33

certain groups of pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

front 34

photosystems

back 34

the groups of pigment molecules in which photons of light are absorbed in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

consist of two parts: a light-harvesting complex and a reaction-center

front 35

light-harvesting complex

back 35

made up of chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules of different colors of green and orange/yellow

this arrangement allows the complex to gather light effectively

front 36

carotenoid molecules

back 36

accessory pigments in the thylakoid membrane

front 37

when chlorophyll absorbs light energy in the form of photons...

back 37

one of the molecule's electrons is raised to an orbital of higher potential energy

chlorophyll is in an "excited state"

front 38

reaction center

back 38

where the energy is transferred

consists of two chlorophyll a molecules that donate electrons to the second member of the reaction center

front 39

primary electron acceptor

back 39

chlorophyll a molecules donate electrons to these

a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

front 40

first step of the light reactions

back 40

the solar-powered transfer of an electron from the reaction-center chlorophyll a pair to the primary electron acceptor

conversion of light energy to chemical energy

front 41

elections donated from the reaction center...

back 41

must be replaced

splitting of water is the source of the replacement electrons

front 42

the thylakoid membranes contain...

back 42

two photosystems that are important to photosynthesis

front 43

PS I (Photosystem 1)

back 43

sometimes designated P700 - chlorophyll a in the reaction center of this photosystem absorbs red light of this wavelength best

front 44

PS II (Photosystem 2)

back 44

P680 - absorbs light of this wavelength best

front 45

the key to the light reactions is...

back 45

the flow of electrons through the photosystems in the thylakoid membrane

front 46

STEP ONE, light reactions

back 46

PS II absorbs light energy, exciting an electron in the P680 reaction center of two chlorophyll a molecules to a higher energy state

front 47

STEP TWO, light reactions

back 47

electron is transferred to the primary electron acceptor

reaction-center chlorophyll is oxidized and now requires an electron

front 48

STEP THREE, light reactions

back 48

enzyme splits a water molecule into two hydrogen (H+) ions, two electrons, and an oxygen atom

electrons are supplied to the P680 chlorophyll a molecules

oxygen immediately combines with another oxygen atom (forms O2, released in atmosphere)

H+ released into thylakoid space

front 49

STEP FOUR, light reactions

back 49

original excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I through an electron transport chain

energy from the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain is used to pump protons (H+) into the thylakoid space

front 50

STEP FIVE, light reactions

back 50

H+ accumulates in the thylakoid space creating a gradient that is used in chemiosmosis to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

ATP used as energy in the formation of carbohydrates in Calvin cycle

front 51

STEP SIX, light reactions

back 51

light energy has also activated PS I, resulting in the donation of an electron to its primary electron acceptor

electrons donated by PS I are replaced by the electrons from PS II

front 52

STEP SEVEN, light reactions

back 52

the primary electron acceptor of PS I passes the excited electrons along to another electron transport chain

front 53

STEP EIGHT, light reactions

back 53

excited electrons are transmitted to NADP+, then reduced to NADPH

(second of the two important light reaction products)

this process removes H+ from the stroma, increasing the proton gradient

high energy electrons of NADPH available for use in Calvin cycle

front 54

chemiosmosis

back 54

how chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP

front 55

electron transport chain uses...

back 55

flow of electrons to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane

stroma -> thylakoid space

this creates an electrochemical gradient

front 56

what is the electrochemical gradient that is created used for?

back 56

ATP synthase is able to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

occurs when protons flow out of the thylakoid space, down electrochemical gradient, through ATP synthase, and into stroma

front 57

where is proton-motive force generated?

back 57

3 places

1) hydrogen ions from splitting of water

2) hydrogen ions pumped across the membrane by cytochrome complex

3) removal of hydrogen ions from the stroma when NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

front 58

differences between chemiosmosis in cellular respiration and photosynthesis

back 58

spatial differences

mitochondria uses chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP

chloroplasts transfer light energy into chemical energy of ATP

(difference between consumer and a producer)

front 59

calvin cycle

back 59

carbon enters in the form of CO2, leaves in the form of a sugar

front 60

what does the calvin cycle spend and consume?

back 60

ATP as an energy source, NADH for reducing power

front 61

to net one molecule of G3P, the calvin cycle must go through...

back 61

three rotations, fix three molecules of CO2

front 62

to produce one molecule of glucose, the calvin cycle must go through...

back 62

six rotations, fix six molecules of CO2