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18 notecards = 5 pages (4 cards per page)

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post translational modifications iRAT

front 1

What is the second basic step in gene expression?

back 1

translation of mRNAs into protein

front 2

where does translation occur?

back 2

cytoplasm

front 3

what occurs after cytoplasmic ribosomal complexes have synthesized a protein?

back 3

the functional capabilities of the protein are implemented after the protein has been modified.

front 4

what can post-transitional modifications include?

back 4

the removal of a part of the translated sequence or the covalent addition of one or more chemical groups required for protein activity

front 5

proteins destined for secretion from the cell are initially made as

back 5

large, precursor molecules, not functional

front 6

What occurs to result in an active molecule?

back 6

portions of the protein chain are removed by endoproteases

front 7

Where does phosphorylation occur on a protein?

back 7

hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, tyrosine (not as frequent)

front 8

phosphorylation may-

back 8

increase of decrease the functional activity of the protein.

front 9

proteins that are made to be a part of a plasma membrane or lysosome, or to be secreted from the cell have-?

back 9

carbohydrate chains attached to serine or threonine hydroxyl groups (o-linked) or the amide nitrogen of asparagine (n-linked)

front 10

where does the addition of sugars take place?

back 10

ER and golgi

front 11

glycosylation can be used to?

back 11

target the proteins to specific organelles

front 12

What is hydroxylation?

back 12

process of adding a hydroxyl group to a protein

front 13

Which amino acids are commonly hydroxylated?

back 13

proline and lysine (in the ER)

front 14

What is carboxylation?

back 14

addition of carboxyl group to a protein

front 15

What is biotinylation?

back 15

addition of biotin to a protein

front 16

Biotin is bound to sigma amino groups of lysine residues of-

back 16

enzymes that depend on biotin to catalyze carboxylation reactions (ex: pyruvate carboxylase)

front 17

Attachment of _____________ can help anchor proteins in membranes

back 17

lipids (farnesyl groups)

front 18

acetylation is when-

back 18

acetyl groups are added to a protein (after translation)