front 1 female somatic cells have | back 1 14 chromosomes |
front 2 males somatic cells have | back 2 13 chromosomes |
front 3 klinefelter syndrome | back 3 individuals have more than one X chromosome |
front 4 turner syndrome | back 4 individuals often have 45 chromosomes with a single X chromosome |
front 5 lyon hypothesis | back 5 inactivation of X chromosome is random, all descendant cell have same inactivation |
front 6 x-inactivation | back 6 Dna, histone proteins, or both are chemically modified |
front 7 imprinting | back 7 process whereby expression of genes on one homolog but the other is not affected |
front 8 drosophila | back 8 has same sex chromosomes as humans, contains Y chromosome but has no role |
front 9 C.elegans | back 9 has no Y chromosome |
front 10 3x:2a and XY:3a | back 10 metafemale |
front 11 3x:3a and 2x:2a | back 11 female |
front 12 3x:4a and 2x:3a | back 12 intersex |
front 13 x:2a and xy:2a | back 13 male |
front 14 TSD | back 14 temperature-dependent sex determination |
front 15 enzymes | back 15 steroids affected by temp |
front 16 aromatase | back 16 converts androgens (males) to estrogens (female) |
front 17 aneuploidy | back 17 organisms gain/lose one or more chromosomes but not a complete set |
front 18 monosomy | back 18 loss of single chromosome from diploid genome |
front 19 euploidy | back 19 complete haploid sets of chromosomes are present |
front 20 polyploidy | back 20 more than two sets of chromosomes are present |
front 21 nondisjunction | back 21 chromosomal variation originating from random errors during gamete production |
front 22 trisomy (down syndrome) | back 22 extra chromosome produces more viable organism than loss of chromosome |
front 23 autopolyploidy | back 23 addition of one or more sets of chromosomes identical to haploid complement of same species |
front 24 allopolyploidy | back 24 combination of chromosome sets from species |
front 25 inversions | back 25 genetic material is exchanged with segment of non homologous chromosome |
front 26 translocations | back 26 location of genes altered within genome |
front 27 deletion | back 27 missing region of a chromosome (terminal to intercalary) |
front 28 cri du chat (5p-) | back 28 loss/deletion of small variable part of short arm on chromosome |
front 29 duplication | back 29 repeated segment of chromsome |
front 30 rRNA | back 30 structural components of ribosomes for protein synthesis during translation |
front 31 rDNA | back 31 DNA that codes dor rRNA |
front 32 fragile x syndrome | back 32 individuals bearing folate-sensitive site on X chromosome |
front 33 linked genes | back 33 certain genes segregate as if somehow joined or linked together |
front 34 linkage | back 34 synapsed homologous pairs reciprocally exchange chromosome segments |
front 35 independent assortment | back 35 two pairs of chromosomes each with heterozygous gene pair |
front 36 Single crossover | back 36 occurs between two nonsister chromatids to determine distance |
front 37 double crossover | back 37 double exchanges of genetic material |
front 38 product law | back 38 probability of two independent events |
front 39 interfence | back 39 reduces expected number of multiple crossovers when crossover event in one region of chromosome inhibits second event nearby |
front 40 positive # of Interfence | back 40 fewer DCOs than expected occur |
front 41 negative # of interfence | back 41 more DCOs than expected occur |
front 42 DNA markers | back 42 short segments of DNA with known sequence and location |
front 43 SNPs | back 43 variation in single nucleotides found throughout genome |
front 44 cystic fibrosis | back 44 found on chromosome 7 on long arm (q) |
front 45 bacteria | back 45 prokaryotes |
front 46 bacteriophages | back 46 viruses that use bacteria as their host |
front 47 vertical gene transfer | back 47 transfer of genetic information between members of the same species |
front 48 conjugation | back 48 genetic information from one bacterium is transferred to and recombined with another bacterium |
front 49 F+ cell (fertility) | back 49 cells serve as donors of parts of their chromosome |
front 50 F- cells | back 50 recipient bacteria receive donor DNA and recombine part of their own chromosome |
front 51 plasmid (F factor) | back 51 autonomous genetic unit/ double-stranded closed circle |
front 52 RTF | back 52 encodes genetic information essential to transferring plasmid between bacteria |
front 53 r determinants | back 53 confer resistance to antibiotics or mercury |
front 54 transformation | back 54 provides mechanism for recombination of genetic information in bacteria |
front 55 lysogeny | back 55 virus enters bacterial cell and coexists with it |
front 56 prophage | back 56 viral DNA that integrates into bacterial chromosome |
front 57 virulent phages | back 57 viruses that only lyse cell |
front 58 temperate phages | back 58 viruses that lyse cell or behave as prophages |
front 59 transcription | back 59 synthesis of RNA from information in DNA |
front 60 translation | back 60 uses information in mRNA to synthesize proteins |
front 61 purines (9 double ring) | back 61 adenine and guanine |
front 62 pyrimidines (6 single ring) | back 62 cytosine, thymine, uracil |
front 63 RNA | back 63 contains ribose sugar |
front 64 DNA | back 64 contains deoxyribose (without oxygen) |
front 65 nucleoside | back 65 contains nitrogenous base and pentose sugar |
front 66 nucleotide | back 66 nucleoside with phosphate group added |
front 67 phosphodiester bonds | back 67 linkage between two mononucleotides involves a phosphate group linked to two sugars |
front 68 Watson and Crick model | back 68 proposed DNA as double helix and paired nitrogenous bases and has major and minor grooves |
front 69 mRNA | back 69 carry genetic info from gene to ribosome |
front 70 tRNA | back 70 carry amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis |
front 71 semiconservative | back 71 each replicated DNA molecule consists of one "old" and one new strand |
front 72 conservative | back 72 two newly synthesized strands come together |
front 73 dispersive | back 73 parental strands are dispersed into new double helices |
front 74 Meselson and Stahl | back 74 showed that semiconservative replication was the mode used by bacteria for replication |
front 75 telomeres | back 75 long stretched of short repeating sequences preserve the stability of chromosome |
front 76 Frederick Griffith | back 76 experiments with smooth, virulent strain Streptococcus pneumoniae and rough, nonvirulent strain |
front 77 Griffith Model | back 77 transformation of bacteria that transfer genetic material |
front 78 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty | back 78 determined that DNA is the transformation material |
front 79 Hershey and Chase | back 79 provide convincing evidence that DNA is genetic material |
front 80 P | back 80 for DNA 32 |
front 81 S | back 81 for protein 35 |
front 82 Watson-Crick Model | back 82 propose their double helix model of DNA structure |
front 83 B DNA | back 83 right handed helix |