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Chapter 7 General biology

front 1

Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be:

back 1

very similar in a wide range of different organisms.

front 2

The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is:

back 2

the sun.

front 3

Kilojoules are:

back 3

units of work.

front 4

The life and death of cells are governed by:

back 4

the laws of thermodynamics.

front 5

An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism's energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as:

back 5

an open system.

front 6

Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?

back 6

When gasoline is burned, its energy is destroyed.

front 7

Which word is defined by this statement: A measure of this disorder, or randomness?

back 7

entropy

front 8

In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must:

back 8

constantly use energy.

front 9

The sum of all chemical activities taking place in an organism is:

back 9

metabolism.

front 10

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism?

back 10

metabolism = catabolism + anabolism

front 11

Catabolic reactions involve the:

back 11

breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks.

front 12

Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are referred to as:

back 12

anabolic reactions.

front 13

Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as:

back 13

enthalpy.

front 14

An exergonic reaction is considered to be:

back 14

spontaneous.

front 15

Which of the following statements is true of spontaneous reactions?

back 15

The amount of free energy after the reaction is less than before the reaction.

front 16

When the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is referred to as:

back 16

an exergonic reaction.

front 17

In a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of __________ is attained.

back 17

dynamic equilibrium

front 18

Figure 7-1 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Which of the following statements about Figure 7-1 is true?

back 18

The reaction is endergonic, and also the products have more free energy than the reactants.

front 19

Figure 7-1 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).Which of the following conclusions can be accurately derived from the Figure 7-1?

back 19

ΔG is positive.

front 20

Energy stored within the molecules of ATP is in the form of __________ energy.

back 20

potential

front 21

Consider the following two chemical equations:

  1. glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O, ΔG = +27kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole)
  2. glucose + fructose + ATP → sucrose + ADP + Pi, ΔG = -5kJ/mole (or -1.2 kcal/mole)

The free energy change difference between the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by:

back 21

combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction.

front 22

Which of the following statements concerning ATP is FALSE?

back 22

It stores energy for long periods.

front 23

The reaction ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi is classified as an:

back 23

exergonic reaction.

front 24

Select the compound that contains the most energy:

back 24

ATP

front 25

Select the phosphorylation reaction:

back 25

glucose + ATP → glucose-P + ADP

front 26

The maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that:

back 26

the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic.

front 27

The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to __________ transfer.

back 27

energy

front 28

__________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released, whereas __________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted.

back 28

Oxidation; reduction

front 29

XH2 + NAD+ → X + NADH + H+. In the preceding equation, NAD+ is said to be in a ____________ state and NADH is in a __________ state.

back 29

oxidized; reduced

front 30

Select the reduced molecule:

back 30

NADH

front 31

Select the hydrogen acceptor molecule that stores electrons in the process of photosynthesis:

back 31

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

front 32

FAD and cytochromes are classified as:

back 32

hydrogen or electron acceptors.

front 33

Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as:

back 33

catalysts

front 34

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?

back 34

Most enzymes are RNA molecules.

front 35

Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they:

back 35

lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.

front 36

Which of the following statements concerning activation energy is FALSE?

back 36

Catalysts raise a reaction's activation energy.

front 37

Figure 7-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Refer to Figure 7-2. The line on the graph labeled B represents the:

back 37

activation energy with an enzyme.

front 38

Figure 7-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Refer to Figure 7-2. The line on the graph labeled C represents the:

back 38

change in free energy.

front 39

Parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate are called:

back 39

active sites.

front 40

The substance on which an enzyme acts is called the:

back 40

substrate

front 41

What refers to the situation in which the binding of a substrate to the enzyme causes a change in the enzyme's shape, facilitating an enzyme's function?

back 41

induced fit

front 42

Hydrolases are one important class of enzyme that function to catalyze:

back 42

splitting a molecule using water.

front 43

Which refers to an organic, nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor?

back 43

coenzyme

front 44

Which of the following does not represent a method by which cells regulate enzyme activity?

back 44

heat denaturation of the enzyme

front 45

Select the enzyme that does not match the reaction:

back 45

kinase-breaks peptide bonds

front 46

If one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction:

back 46

increases and then decreases rapidly.

front 47

You conduct an experiment in which you add increasing amounts of substrate to an enzyme solution and then measure the resulting reaction rate. You graph your results, plotting the rate of the reaction on the Y-axis versus substrate concentration on the X-axis. What do you conclude from your graph?

back 47

The reaction rate increases with increasing substrate concentration up to a point, above which the rate remains constant.

front 48

An allosteric enzyme:

back 48

allows a substance other than the substrate to bind to the enzyme, thereby activating or inactivating it.

front 49

Competitive inhibitors inhibit enzymatic reactions by:

back 49

temporarily bonding into the active site.

front 50

Penicillin is a drug that acts by:

back 50

irreversibly inhibiting transpeptidase.