front 1 The pathway of protein synthesis is called- | back 1 translation |
front 2 each 3-base codon recognizes specific __________ | back 2 amino acids |
front 3 tRNA does what? | back 3 brings amino acids |
front 4 What is an anti-codon | back 4 a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that binds to a corresponding in an mRNA sequence |
front 5 a codon is composed of how many nucleotide bases? | back 5 3 |
front 6 Nucleotides in RNA are | back 6 uracil (U), adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) |
front 7 nucleotide sequences are always written from- | back 7 the 5' end to the 3' end |
front 8 amino acids are coded by an- | back 8 mRNA sequence |
front 9 What is the mRNA start codon? | back 9 AUG |
front 10 What are the stop codons? | back 10 UAG, UGA, UAA |
front 11 UAG, UGA, and UAA are not amino acids but they are- | back 11 termination codons |
front 12 what are the characteristics of the genetic code? | back 12 specificity, universality, degeneracy, nonoverlapping and commaless |
front 13 what is specificity? | back 13 each codon is specific to each amino acid |
front 14 what is universality? | back 14 all mammas have the same genetic code |
front 15 what is degeneracy? | back 15 multiple codons code for the same amino acids (redundant) |
front 16 what is nonoverlapping and commaless? | back 16 codons are read in the same direction, in order, 3 codons at a time |
front 17 What are the types of mutations? | back 17 silent, missense, nonsense, tri-nucleotide repeat expansion, splice site mutations, frameshift mutations |
front 18 What is a silent mutation? | back 18 when a base is altered, but still codes for the same amino acid |
front 19 What is a missense mutation? | back 19 when a base is altered and codes for a different amino acid |
front 20 What is a nonsense mutation? | back 20 when a base is altered and codes for a termination codon |
front 21 Which mutations can alter the amount or structure of the protein produced by translation? | back 21 trinucleotide repeat expansion, splice site, and frameshift |
front 22 What is trinucleotide repeat expansion? | back 22 occurs when a sequence of 3 bases that is repeated in tandem will become amplified in number, which results in too many copies of the triplet |
front 23 What is splice site mutation? | back 23 mutations that can alter how introns are removed from pre-mRNA. produce aberrant proteins |
front 24 What is a frameshift mutation? | back 24 when 1 or 2 nucleotides are deleted/added to the coding region of a sequence. alters the reading frame. |
front 25 what components are required for translation? | back 25 all amino acids are found in the finished product, mRNA to be translated, tRNA, functional ribosomes, energy sources, enzymes, and protein factors for initiation, elongation, and termination. |
front 26 what is the function of tRNA? | back 26 carries a specific mRNA |
front 27 How many species of tRNA are there in humans? | back 27 50 |
front 28 Where is the amino acid attachment site of tRNA? | back 28 3' end |
front 29 What does the anticodon of tRNA do? | back 29 a three-base nucleotide sequence that recognizes a certain codon on the mRNA |
front 30 What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases? | back 30 a group of enzymes that are required for the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNA |
front 31 Ribosomes consists of how many subunits? | back 31 2 (60S and 40S to form 80S) (weird ass math) |
front 32 The large subunit does what | back 32 catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds that link amino acid residues in a protein |
front 33 The small subunit does what | back 33 binds mRNA and is responsible for the accuracy of translation by ensuring correct base-paring between codons in mRNA and the anticodon of the tRNA |
front 34 What happens at the A site? | back 34 binds an incoming aminoacyl tRNA as directed by the codon currently occupying the site (elongation) |
front 35 What happens at the P site? | back 35 a peptide is bound between the amino acids |
front 36 What happens at the E site? | back 36 occupied by the empty tRNA and exits the ribosome |
front 37 RER associated ribosomes synthesize proteins that can become integrated into the- | back 37 plasma, ER, Golgi membranes, lysosomes |
front 38 cytosolic ribosomes synthesize proteins that are needed in- | back 38 the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes |
front 39 what factors are needed for translation (protein synthesis) | back 39 initiation, elongation, and termination |
front 40 cleavage of ______________________ is required for the addition of one amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain | back 40 4 high energy bonds |
front 41 mRNA is translated from the _____end to the ______ end | back 41 5',3' |
front 42 Proteins are synthesized from the ____________ terminal to its ___________ terminal end | back 42 amino, carboxyl |
front 43 What does a polyribosome consist of? | back 43 several ribosomes simultaneously translating one mRNA |
front 44 elF-2 needs to be ______________ to activate | back 44 dephosphorylated |