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44 notecards = 11 pages (4 cards per page)

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Translation iRAT

front 1

The pathway of protein synthesis is called-

back 1

translation

front 2

each 3-base codon recognizes specific __________

back 2

amino acids

front 3

tRNA does what?

back 3

brings amino acids

front 4

What is an anti-codon

back 4

a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that binds to a corresponding in an mRNA sequence

front 5

a codon is composed of how many nucleotide bases?

back 5

3

front 6

Nucleotides in RNA are

back 6

uracil (U), adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

front 7

nucleotide sequences are always written from-

back 7

the 5' end to the 3' end

front 8

amino acids are coded by an-

back 8

mRNA sequence

front 9

What is the mRNA start codon?

back 9

AUG

front 10

What are the stop codons?

back 10

UAG, UGA, UAA

front 11

UAG, UGA, and UAA are not amino acids but they are-

back 11

termination codons

front 12

what are the characteristics of the genetic code?

back 12

specificity, universality, degeneracy, nonoverlapping and commaless

front 13

what is specificity?

back 13

each codon is specific to each amino acid

front 14

what is universality?

back 14

all mammas have the same genetic code

front 15

what is degeneracy?

back 15

multiple codons code for the same amino acids (redundant)

front 16

what is nonoverlapping and commaless?

back 16

codons are read in the same direction, in order, 3 codons at a time

front 17

What are the types of mutations?

back 17

silent, missense, nonsense, tri-nucleotide repeat expansion, splice site mutations, frameshift mutations

front 18

What is a silent mutation?

back 18

when a base is altered, but still codes for the same amino acid

front 19

What is a missense mutation?

back 19

when a base is altered and codes for a different amino acid

front 20

What is a nonsense mutation?

back 20

when a base is altered and codes for a termination codon

front 21

Which mutations can alter the amount or structure of the protein produced by translation?

back 21

trinucleotide repeat expansion, splice site, and frameshift

front 22

What is trinucleotide repeat expansion?

back 22

occurs when a sequence of 3 bases that is repeated in tandem will become amplified in number, which results in too many copies of the triplet

front 23

What is splice site mutation?

back 23

mutations that can alter how introns are removed from pre-mRNA. produce aberrant proteins

front 24

What is a frameshift mutation?

back 24

when 1 or 2 nucleotides are deleted/added to the coding region of a sequence. alters the reading frame.

front 25

what components are required for translation?

back 25

all amino acids are found in the finished product, mRNA to be translated, tRNA, functional ribosomes, energy sources, enzymes, and protein factors for initiation, elongation, and termination.

front 26

what is the function of tRNA?

back 26

carries a specific mRNA

front 27

How many species of tRNA are there in humans?

back 27

50

front 28

Where is the amino acid attachment site of tRNA?

back 28

3' end

front 29

What does the anticodon of tRNA do?

back 29

a three-base nucleotide sequence that recognizes a certain codon on the mRNA

front 30

What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

back 30

a group of enzymes that are required for the attachment of amino acids to their corresponding tRNA

front 31

Ribosomes consists of how many subunits?

back 31

2 (60S and 40S to form 80S) (weird ass math)

front 32

The large subunit does what

back 32

catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds that link amino acid residues in a protein

front 33

The small subunit does what

back 33

binds mRNA and is responsible for the accuracy of translation by ensuring correct base-paring between codons in mRNA and the anticodon of the tRNA

front 34

What happens at the A site?

back 34

binds an incoming aminoacyl tRNA as directed by the codon currently occupying the site (elongation)

front 35

What happens at the P site?

back 35

a peptide is bound between the amino acids

front 36

What happens at the E site?

back 36

occupied by the empty tRNA and exits the ribosome

front 37

RER associated ribosomes synthesize proteins that can become integrated into the-

back 37

plasma, ER, Golgi membranes, lysosomes

front 38

cytosolic ribosomes synthesize proteins that are needed in-

back 38

the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes

front 39

what factors are needed for translation (protein synthesis)

back 39

initiation, elongation, and termination

front 40

cleavage of ______________________ is required for the addition of one amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

back 40

4 high energy bonds

front 41

mRNA is translated from the _____end to the ______ end

back 41

5',3'

front 42

Proteins are synthesized from the ____________ terminal to its ___________ terminal end

back 42

amino, carboxyl

front 43

What does a polyribosome consist of?

back 43

several ribosomes simultaneously translating one mRNA

front 44

elF-2 needs to be ______________ to activate

back 44

dephosphorylated