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Ch. 6: Principles of Microbiology

front 1 Why should the CST possess basic understanding of microbiology (2 reasons)?	back 1 (1) Transmission of communicable diseases must be inhibited to protect healthcare providers (2) Protect patient from contracting healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
front 2 Define microbiology.	back 2 Term used to describe organisms that cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope.
front 3 What is Robert Hooke known for?	back 3 Observed fungal growth
front 4 What is Anton van Leeuwenhoek known for?	back 4 Created the microscope "animalcules" (bacteria, fungi, protozoa)

front 5 What is Ferdinand J. Cohn known for?	back 5 Specialty area of Bacteriology Contributed to the term "Bacillus"
front 6 What is Louis Pasteur known for?	back 6 Created the Germ theory of disease
front 7 What is Robert Koch known for?	back 7 Proved the "germ theory" by colonizing the bacteria w/ anthrax & shows that bacilli was the cause Koch's postulates
front 8 What is the difference between an endemic, epidemic, and pandemic?	back 8 Endemic: outbreaks of infection that is localized Epidemic: widespread infectious disease outbreak Pandemic: widespread, worldwide outbreak involving a large number of individuals

front 9 What viruses are considered global threats?	back 9 Ebola, Dengue, Marburg, and Lassa viruses.
front 10 What does MDR stand for?	back 10 Multidrug-Resistant strain
front 11 What does XDR stand for?	back 11 Extensively Drug-Resistant strain
front 12 What is indigenous microflora? These can become _______ pathogens.	back 12 Microbes that live on the skin and inside the human body. Opportunistic

front 13 What does "Opportunistic pathogens" mean?	back 13 Under normal circumstances, these microbes are helpful and harmless, but given an "opportunity" to enter the body (through a surgical or traumatic wound", they can become pathogenic.
front 14 What is the relationship between human hosts and indigenous microflora called?	back 14 Symbiosis
front 15 What are the Categories of Symbiosis (definition & example)?	back 15 Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from and depend on one another to a certain extent. (ex. E. coli) Commensalism: One organism benefits but second organism neither benefits nor is harmed. (ex. indigenous microflora) Parasitism: One organism benefits and the host is harmed. (ex. helminths)
front 16 What are microorganisms that cause an infection called?	back 16 Pathogens

front 17 What microscope uses natural light and consists of a small convex lens that magnifies a small focal area? What is an example of this microscope?	back 17 Simple Microscope Magnifying glass or Eyepiece
front 18 What microscope provides detailed, 3D images of the specimen by reflecting light off the surface of the specimen rather than transmitting light through a medium?	back 18 Stereo Microscope
front 19 Also known as an optical microscope, and uses a light source and a compounding medium a long with a convex lens to provide high-resolution visualization. What magnification can this microscope go up to>	back 19 Compound Light Microscope 1000x
front 20 Components of a microscope: What does each part do? Base Illuminator Stage Stage Controls Objective Lens	back 20 Base: supports the microscope and contains the illuminator Illuminator: contains the light-source, usually a low-voltage bulb that is controlled by an on and off switch that is usually located in the base. Stage: platform on the base on which the slide with a specimen is placed. Stage Controls: knobs that are used to adjust the location/height of the stage to bring the specimen into view and allow for focus. Objective Lens:

front 21 What is the purpose of a simple stain?	back 21 To determine the basic shape and structures of cells.
front 22 What is the purpose of a differential stain? What are the different types of differential staining?	back 22 Employ more than one stain per slide that allows to categorize multiple specimens per slide. Gram staining & Acid-fast staining
front 23 How is Gram staining performed?	back 23 Cells are stained with crystal violet and washed with ethanol that removes the purple stain from bacteria that do not retain the stain. Next, a red dye called safranin is applied and the specimen is rinsed with water.
front 24 What color does Gram-positive bacteria stain and what does it indicate? What color does Gram-negative bacteria stain and what does it indicate? What is a Gram-variable bacteria? What does it stain as?	back 24 Purple/ thick layer of peptidoglycan (murein). Red/ consists of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide that covers a thin peptidoglycan cell wall. Does not consistently stain red or purple, will respond to other staining such as acid-fast staining.

front 25 What is the purpose of Acid-fast staining? How is it performed?	back 25 Used to identify bacteria classified in the genus Mycobacterium, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. Red dye, Ziehl Neelsen Carbol Fuchsin (ZNCF), is applied to the specimen and counterstained with methylene blue. Red dye is retained by acid-fast bacteria and non-acid-fast bacteria appear blue.
front 26 How is a culture and sensitivity test performed?	back 26 A sample is collected into a culture tube usually in an aerobic or anaerobic environment until it can be transported to the lab, then grown so a pure sample of the organism is obtained and identified using one of the staining methods. The colonized organism is exposed to various antibiotics to determine sensitivity.
front 27 What is the purpose of culture media?	back 27 Is designed to allow the sample to multiply/colonize by providing an environment that supplies nutrients to the organism/
front 28 What does an Anaerobic Culture media consist of?	back 28 An Anaerobic blood agar that is enriched with other substances such as yeast, amino acids, and Vitamin K.

front 29 What does a Complex Culture media consist of?	back 29 Consists of the exact nutrients and any specific growth factors required for a known organism.
front 30 What does a Selective Culture media consist of?	back 30 Designed to support growth of a specific organism while inhibiting the growth of other organisms.
front 31 What does a Defined Culture media consist of?	back 31 Contains a component known to permit growth of a specific bacteria because only that bacteria can utilize the component.
front 32 What is the purpose of a Transport Culture media?	back 32 To preserve the viability of the specimen from the time of collection to the time of processing without allowing the growth of the organism (often a buffered solution).

front 33 What is subculturing?	back 33 A method of preservation that involves periodically transferring the organism to a fresh culture medium to maintain viability.
front 34 What is Nomenclature? What what the original classification system called?	back 34 System for naming living organisms, plants, animals, and microorganisms (follows a sequence called taxonomy). Linnean System
front 35 What is Kingdom referred to? What is Class referred to? What is Order referred to? What is Genus referred to?	back 35 group that is related in some way group that shares basic characteristics group of organisms that have a large degree of common characteristics first grouping of species, represented by a capitalized Latin name
front 36 Who was the 3-Domain classification system introduced by?	back 36 Carl Woese

front 37 What are the 3 Domains?	back 37 Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
front 38 What does the term Binomial Nomenclature refer to?	back 38 A two-term naming system in which the first term represents the genus and the second term represents the species within the genus.
front 39 What 2 groups are all living cells classified into? Which one is more complex, which one is less?	back 39 Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Eukaryotes is more complex, Prokaryotes is less.
front 40 What are characteristics of Eukaryotes versus Prokaryotes?	back 40 Eukaryotes: multicellular Nucleus: control center of the cell, contains genetic material Mitochondria: produces & stores energy (ATP) Prokaryotes: unicellular Nucleoid: region that contains genetic material (no membrane) Fagella: long, thin, hairlike structure capable of whip-like movements to allow locomotion of a cell

front 41 What are the 2 main types of transport? Define each.	back 41 Active Transport: moves against the gradient (low concentration to high concentration) Uses ATP Phagocytosis: movement of solids Pinocytosis: movement of fluids Passive Transport: move along to gradient (high concentration to low concentration) Diffusion: random movement until all particles are evenly distributed Filtration: movement of substances through a membrane that allows small substances to pass but prevents passage of larger substances.
front 42 What is the abnormal multiplication of organisms in the tissues of a host is called?	back 42 An Infection
front 43 What is the most transmitted pathogen in the surgical environment?	back 43 Staphylococcus aureus
front 44 Bacteria divide by the process of _____.	back 44 Binary fission

front 45 The term _______ is used to describe the study of the form and structure of organisms along with their specific characteristics.	back 45 Morphology
front 46 What shape are Bacilli?	back 46 rod-shaped
front 47 What shape are Cocci? What forms do they come in?	back 47 round-shaped Diplococci, Streptococci, & Staphylococci
front 48 What are some examples of Bacilli bacteria?	back 48 Anthrax, Bactermia/Septicemia, Otitis media, Peritonitis, Pneumonia, and Urinary Tract Infection.

front 49 What bacteria causes Tuberculosis (TB)? How is it transmitted?	back 49 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei.
front 50 ______ is the study of fungi. Is fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?	back 50 Mycology Eukaryotic
front 51 ______ is the study of invertebrates that cause disease.	back 51 Parasitology
front 52 What protozoa causes of amebic dysentery, an infection often found in patients who are scheduled to undergo a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy?	back 52 Entamoeba histolytica

front 53 What is the term Prion short for?	back 53 proteinaceous infectious particle
front 54 Which disease causes a rapidly progressive fatal central nervous disease characterized by dementia and myoclonus?	back 54 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
front 55 What particle does the human body produce that is normally harmless until the Prion makes contact with it?	back 55 PrP
front 56 What tissues have been identified as high risk for transmission of CJD?	back 56 eye tissue, dura mater, brain tissue, and the spinal cord

front 57 How are viruses different from bacteria?	back 57 Viruses are non-living particles that are reliant on the host cell for survival. Viruses do not multiply; they are replicated within the host cell.
front 58 What does the term virulence refer to?	back 58 The severity of a disease and is often measured by the intensity of the patient's symptoms and signs.
front 59 What does the Incidence Rate refer to? What does the Prevalence Rate refer to? What does the Mortality Rate refer to?	back 59 Incidence Rate: # of new cases of a specific disease that occur within a specific time divided by the population size. Prevalence Rate: Frequency by which a specific disease affects a particular population (ie. elderly/ethnic group) during a specific time. Mortality Rate: Percentage of the population that dies from a specific disease during a specific time.
front 60 What are the 5 stages of the infectious process? What do each mean?	back 60 Incubation: occurs after pathogen enters host & replicates, no symptoms at this time. Prodromal: Pathogens multiply & body begins immune response, will experience symptoms. Illness: Signs & symptoms are the most severe. Decline: # of pathogens is reducing & signs/symptoms are improving. Convalescence: Host's functions return to normal.

front 61 The term ______ indicates that an individual or surface is soiled w/ gross (visible) debris or microbes (invisible germs).	back 61 Contamination
front 62 Disease is transmitted by what 3 primary modes?	back 62 Contact (direct & indirect): kissing, shaking hands (direct) or touching an item (fomite) that is infected (indirect) Air: spread through the air by droplets (coughing, sneezing, talking) Vectors: infection spread by animals, insects, rodents
front 63 What is the point at which a microbe enters & exit the body called? What are examples?	back 63 Portal of Entry & Portal of Exit Nonintact skin and the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts.
front 64 The major sources of microbes that cause SSIs are divided into 2 groups called ________ and ________.	back 64 Exogenous: perioperative personnel, the environment, and contaminated instrumentation. Endogenous: the patient's endogenous microflora.

front 65 What are examples of patient-related factors that increase the risk of developing an SSI?	back 65 Age, Obesity, General Health, MRSA, Remote infections, Preoperative Hospitalization, Pre-existing illness. Preoperative hair removal, Type of procedure (Class I, II, III, IV), Duration of procedure.
front 66 What are the 3 natural lines of defense against pathogens? Give examples.	back 66 1st Line of Defense: natural barriers (skin). 2nd Line of Defense: nonspecific responses innate to the immune system. 3rd Line of Defense: acquired when lymphocytes are produced by antibodies in the response to exposure to the specific pathogens.
front 67 When does artificially acquired active immunity occur?	back 67 When one is immunized (vaccinated) against a specific pathogen.
front 68 What is an Attenuated Vaccine?	back 68 Live, weakened organisms are injected. Examples of attenuated vaccines include MMR, varicella, and smallpox.

front 69 What is an Inactivated Vaccine?	back 69 Killed organisms are injected. Examples of inactivated vaccines include hepatitis A, flu, polio, and rabies.
front 70 What is an Recombinant Gene Technology Vaccine?	back 70 Pieces of the organism, such as a protein, are extracted and injected
front 71 What is an Toxoid Vaccine?	back 71 Uses the toxin produced by the organism.