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Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

38 notecards = 10 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

PYROMETALLURGY

front 1

PYROMETALLURGY

back 1

Extraction or production of metals with
chemical reactions at high temperatures

front 2

Solids (advantages)

back 2

Cheap, good combination of
physical and chemical properties

front 3

Solids (disadvantages)

back 3

Formation of ash, difficult to
control during operation

front 4

Liquids (advantages)

back 4

Ease of handling, highest
calorific value

front 5

Liquids (disadvantages)

back 5

Expensive

front 6

Gaseous (advantages)

back 6

Ease of handling, good
combustion, no ash

front 7

Gaseous (disadvantages)

back 7

Low calorific value per volume of
fuel

front 8

Hydrocarbon Fuels

back 8

• Can come in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms
• Liquid: petroleum, oil. Alcohol
• Gaseous: natural gas
• Solid: coal, coke

front 9

Coal

back 9

natural or primary fuel formed in the
earth by the prolonged action of
geologic forces and conditions on
accumulation of plants and vegetal
matter

front 10

Coke

back 10

manufactured fuel from the
destructive distillation of coal in the
absence of air (pyrolysis)

front 11

REFRACTORIES

back 11

Non-metallic materials that have properties which allows them to be
exposed in environments above 538 °C
• Used as linings for furnaces, kilns, reactors, etc

front 12

• Common refractories

back 12

Alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), and magnesia (MgO)

front 13

Calcination

back 13

Heating of ore in the absence of air

front 14

Roasting

back 14

Heating of ore with excess air

front 15

Smelting

back 15

Separation by melting

front 16

Smelting separates two immiscible liquids

back 16

matte and slag

front 17

Converting

back 17

Refining and purifying of metal after smelting

front 18

Immsicible product layers top to bottom

back 18

Dross
Slag
Speiss
Matte

front 19

Dross

back 19

Solid impurities (metal oxides, metal sulfides, inorganic impurities) floating on the product

front 20

Slag

back 20

Molten solution of oxides found on the top portion (low density)

front 21

Speiss

back 21

Unwanted molten solution of arsenides (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu arsenides) formed during smelting

front 22

Matte

back 22

Molten solution of sulfides formed during smelting of Cu, Ni and Pb

front 23

SLAGS | Functions

back 23

• Collect and contain undesirable constituents
• Solvent for additives
• Protective cover for molten metal from oxidation
• Heating resistor for electric arc furnace

front 24

Heat Exchangers

back 24

Recycles heat from sources (hot product gases from furnaces, etc.) to be used for other processes (electricity generation, preheating feed, etc.)

front 25

Heat Exchangers Types

back 25

Heat Recuperators
Heat Regenerators

front 26

Heat Recuperators

back 26

Continuous transfer of heat from hot fluid to cold fluid by a heat transfer wall

front 27

Heat Regenerators

back 27

Contains heat storage element that absorbs heat from hot fluid and gives up heat to cold fluid

front 28

Furnaces based on
energy source

back 28

Fuel combination
Electricity

front 29

Fuel combination

back 29

Crucible
Hearth
Shaft

front 30

Crucible Furnace

back 30

Crucible is heated by fire and transfers heat to the bath

front 31

Hearth Furnace

back 31

Heats the bath directly by heat and by radiation

front 32

Shaft Furnace

back 32

Continuous melting; solid flows down by gravity and product is collected at the bottom

front 33

Electricity

back 33

Electric Arc
Induction

front 34

Induction Furnace

back 34

• Indirectly heats charge by using induction
coils

front 35

Electric Arc Furnace

back 35

Electrodes deliver the electrical charge
• Electric arc + slag resistance provides
heating

front 36

Special

back 36

Converter
Retorts

front 37

Converter

back 37

• Gas is blown through the liquid metal

front 38

Retorts

back 38

• Recovery of volatile products