front 1 What is the federal system? What is the characteristics of the federal system? Where is the federal system used? | back 1 A system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments. Characteristics are diverse backgrounds, US was the first nation to adopt their own taxing, structures comp. Used in USA, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland |
front 2 What is the unitary system? What is the characteristics of the unitary system? Where is the unitary system used? | back 2 Where lower levels of government have little independent power and primarily just implement decisions made by the Central government. Characteristics include being dominated by the Central Government, lower levels have little power, lower levels implement decisions. Used in the UK, France, Japan, China, and Saudi Arabia |
front 3 What is the confederal system? What is the characteristics of the confederal system? Where is the confederal system used? | back 3 A political system where a group of sovereign states agree to limit their powers to a central government for a common purpose. Characteristics include a loose union of sovereign nations w/ a weak central government. Used in Belgium, Europe, and Switzerland. |
front 4 Federal vs. State Powers: Who writes criminal laws? Who writes property laws | back 4 Federal powers: The legislative branch writes the criminal laws, and Congress writes the property laws State Powers: States and the federal government writes the criminal laws, and Congress writes the property laws |
front 5 What is federalism? What was the first nation to use it? | back 5 Federalism is defined by the US Constitution The United States was the first nation to use federalism |
front 6 What is expressed powers? Where in the constitution is it? What is their Supremacy Clause? | back 6 Specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article 1, Section 8) and to the president (Article 2). Their Supremacy Clause is the necessary and proper clause |
front 7 What is implied powers? What are some examples of implied powers? | back 7 Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution. Examples are necessary and proper clause interpretation and Judicial Review |
front 8 What is the role of state government? What are the powers of state government? Where in the Constitution is the state powers at? | back 8 The role of state government: Day to day life Powers of state government: Economic regulations, property law, Civil and criminal law, began to regulate professions, some problems State powers are in Amendment 10 |
front 9 What is the 10th amendment? What is the purpose of the 10th amendment? Who are the supporters? What is another name for it? How does it limit national government? | back 9 Reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. The purpose of the 10th amendment is to bolster the role of the states in the federal system. The anti federalists are the supporters of the 10th amendment. |
front 10 What things fall under police powers? | back 10 Health, safety, welfare's, and morals of citizens. |
front 11 What is concurrent powers? What are some examples of concurrent powers? | back 11 Concurrent powers is authority possessed by both state and national governments such as the power to levy taxes. Examples are taxation, borrowing money, and establishing courts. |
front 12 What is the full faith and credit clause? What are some examples of full faith and credit clause? What things are excluded from full faith and credit clause? | back 12 Honors, recognizes decisions, and acts taken in other states as legal and valid. Examples are same sex marriage and interracial marriage. Exclusions from the full faith and credit clause are criminal law, choice of laws, public policy, concealed carry permits |
front 13 Comity Clause/ Privileges and Immunities Clause – What? Purpose/Why need? Examples? | back 13 Cannot grant special privileges to state residents. States cannot discriminate against citizens from different states. Required to return escaped fugitives to the state they fled from. |
front 14 Defense of Marriage Act – What? | back 14 Declared that states were not required to recognize a same-sex marriage from another state and that the federal government did not recognize it even if it was legal |
front 15 Local Government – Role? Authority? Powers? Where in Constitution? | back 15 The local government's role is subject to ultimate control by the states. States establish local governments and give them power and control them. Has no status in the US Constitution. |
front 16 Home Rule | back 16 Power delegated by a state government to a local government to manage their own affairs |
front 17 Dual Federalism – When? Role of the federal and state governments? Who had the most power? | back 17 1789-1937 Federal government- Small State government- Day to day life States had the most powers |
front 18 Commerce Clause – What? Where in Constitution? What has it done? When did the interpretation of commerce changed? | back 18 Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress has the power to regulate commerce between states. 1937 |
front 19 Commerce Clause - Role of states and compacts? Examples of compacts/contracts? | back 19 Roles are balancing state interests. Examples are Ohio River Valley Sanitation Compact, Waterfront Commission Compact, and Maryland bounty scheme |
front 20 McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden and United States v. Lopez – what did these cases do? | back 20 McCulloch v. Maryland: established the federal government's power over states and clarified the relationship between the two. Gibbons v. Ogden: Forbade states from enacting any legislation that would interfere with congress's right to regulate commerce among the separate states. United States v. Lopez: Passed a law prohibiting gun control in local school zones |
front 21 Devolution – What? | back 21 Transferring policy from federal to state or local |
front 22 State’s Rights? Problems? When did it become tarnished? Southern Manifesto? | back 22 Oppose the increasing authority of the federal government. Problems: US Constitution does not clearly answer questions of how to divide powers between federal and state Tarnished: 1950's and 1960's Southern Manifesto: Declared that southern states were not constitutionally bound by Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregation. |
front 23 Preemption – What? When used? Examples? | back 23 The national government can override state/local policies in local areas. Used in the 1970's Examples: Doctor assisted suicide and stricter vehicle emissions |
front 24 Changing Role of the Federal Government – What caused changes? President? What happened? | back 24 What changed the Federal Government was wars, economic crises, social movements, and technological advancements. The president was Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan What happened was there was a problem with the "one size fits all" approach |
front 25 Regulated Federalism – Examples? | back 25 Education policy, social services, ADA, and accessibility in transportation |
front 26 Unfunded Mandates? No Child Left Behind – What did it do? | back 26 Requirements on states imposed by the national government without accompanying funding. |
front 27 Diffusion – What? | back 27 The process by which policy decisions in one political jurisdiction are influenced by choices made in another jurisdiction |
front 28 Doctrine of Nullification – What? Who supported this? | back 28 Claimed that the states did not have to obey federal laws that they believed exceeded the national government's constitutional authority. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and John C. Calhoun supported this. |
front 29 Layer Cake v/s Marble Cake Federalism – what are they? | back 29 Marble Cake Federalism- Cooperative Layer Cake Federalism- Dual federalism |
front 30 Types of Grants - Grant-in-Aid: Categorical; Project; Formula; Matching– What? Examples of each? | back 30 Grant-in-aid: Money had to be spent on federally predetermined purposes.Example- FDR expansion Categorical: Had to be spent in a specific category.Example- Medicaid Project: State/local government submit proposals and compete for funding.Example- Research partnerships on critical issues Formula: Fed formula used. Example- Medicaid, education, and transportation infrastructure Matching: Money for money match. Example- Nonprofit raising |
front 31 New Federalism - General Revenue Sharing and Block Grants – What? Who proposed? Problems with each one? | back 31 Returning some power. Nixon proposed. Saw a lack of coordination between federal and state governments |
front 32 Cooperative Federalism V/s Dual Federalism v/s Regulated Federalism v/s New Federalism | back 32 Cooperative Federalism- Grants in-aid programs Dual Federalism- Favored business after the Civil War Regulated Federalism-1970's shift as national government sought uniformity across the states via states and regulation New Federalism- Saw a lack of coordination between federal and state government |
front 33 Changes in Federalism since the 1930s? Since the 1960s? | back 33 1930's- Shift from dual Federalism to cooperative federalism 1960's- Returning power back to the states |
front 34 Current Federalism issues and controversies? | back 34 Not all problems have been solved and unfunded mandates are still a problem |