front 1 Reason | back 1 The power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments logically, often used during the Enlightenment to challenge traditional beliefs and promote knowledge through evidence and logic. |
front 2 oppress | back 2 To treat a person or group in a harsh and unfair way by using power or authority. |
front 3 Heresy | back 3 A belief or opinion that goes against the official teachings of a religion, especially in Christianity. |
front 4 Hereditary | back 4 Something passed down from parents to their children, often referring to titles, traits, or property. |
front 5 Clergy | back 5 Religious leaders, such as priests or ministers, who perform religious services. |
front 6 Traditional | back 6 Customs, beliefs, or practices that are passed down through generations and followed over time. |
front 7 Scientific Revolution | back 7 A period in the 16th and 17th centuries when new ideas in science changed the way people understood the world, leading to modern science. |
front 8 Scientific Method | back 8 A process used by scientists to test ideas through experiments, observations, and analysis. |
front 9 Observation | back 9 The act of carefully watching or noticing something in order to gather information or data. |
front 10 Geocentric | back 10 The belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe, with the Sun and planets revolving around it. |
front 11 Heliocentric | back 11 The idea that the Sun is at the center of the solar system, with the Earth and other planets revolving around it. |
front 12 Nicolai Copernicus | back 12 A scientist who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric view. |
front 13 Galileo Galilei | back 13 A scientist who supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory and made important discoveries using a telescope |
front 14 Enlightenment | back 14 An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries focused on reason, science, and individual rights. |
front 15 Natural Rights | back 15 Basic rights that all humans are born with, such as life, liberty, and property, as argued by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke. |
front 16 John Locke | back 16 An Enlightenment thinker who argued that people have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and that governments should protect these rights. |
front 17 Consent | back 17 Agreement or permission given by the people for a government or leader to have authority over them. |
front 18 Popular Sovereignty | back 18 The idea that the power of a government comes from the people, who have the right to rule themselves. |
front 19 Constitutional Monarchy | back 19 A system of government where a king or queen’s power is limited by a constitution, and laws are made by elected officials. |
front 20 Citizen | back 20 A member of a country who has rights and responsibilities under its laws. |
front 21 Baron De Montesquieu | back 21 An Enlightenment thinker who promoted the separation of powers in government (executive, legislative, judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. |
front 22 Voltaire | back 22 A French Enlightenment writer who advocated for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state. |
front 23 Mary Wollstonecraft | back 23 An Enlightenment thinker and early advocate for women's rights, arguing that women should have the same rights and education as men. |
front 24 Abolish | back 24 To formally put an end to something, such as a law or system (e.g., slavery). |
front 25 Social contract | back 25 The idea that people agree to give up some of their freedoms to a government in exchange for protection and order; developed by thinkers like Locke and Rousseau. |