front 1 What information does the G6PD assay suggest regarding the inheritance of this enzyme abnormality? | back 1 G6PD gene is on the X chromosome |
front 2 Why does G6PD deficiency seem to have the most adverse effect on red blood cells? | back 2 The pentose phosphate pathway is the only source of NADPH in the red blood cell |
front 3 The pentose phosphate pathway, sometimes referred to as the pentose phosphate shunt takes place in the- | back 3 cytosol |
front 4 Unconjugated bilirubin is poorly soluble in aqueous solution and is transported in plasma by- | back 4 bounding to albumin |
front 5 Which of the following pathways is considered to be an ANABOLIC pathway that produces new carbohydrate molecules? | back 5 Pentose phosphate pathway |
front 6 What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway? | back 6 Synthesis of ribose, nucleotides, NADPH |
front 7 Which one of the following gas is produced as a direct result of heme catabolism to bilirubin IXa? | back 7 CO (carbon monoxide) |
front 8 Pentose phosphate pathway can occur in- | back 8 RBC cells, nerve cells, heart cells, adipose tissue |
front 9 What percent of G6P can be OXIDIZED to CO2 in the pentose pathway? | back 9 100% |
front 10 An elderly couple living in the suburbs of Hanover, New Hampshire, was snowbound for several days in their home during a blizzard, during periods of electrical outage they relied on an unvented gas heater to warm one room in their home where they stayed throughout the blizzard. As soon as the roads cleared, their granddaughter came to check on them and found them disoriented, complaining of headache, fatigue, and nausea, and breathing and walking with a stumbling gait. Lab data shows a remarkably increased carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood . The best explanation for this finding is that CO has which of the following affects? | back 10 It competitively displaces O2 from oxyhemoglobin |
front 11 Which of the following treatment strategies is the most effective remediation for CO poisoning? | back 11 Removal from CO source and administration of 7% CO2 and 93% O2 |
front 12 In addition to forming carboxyhemoglobin, the toxic effects of CO include inhibition of which of the following enzymes involved in the oxidation-reduction reactions? | back 12 Cytochrome C oxidase |
front 13 Myoglobin contains hemes, pigments responsible for the color of red meat. The color that meat takes is partly determined by the degree of oxidation of the myoglobin. In fresh meat, the iron atom is the ferrous state bound to an O2. Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom is now in the ferric oxidation state, having lost an electron. Hormel and Cargill are both reported to use a meat-packing process, that artificially induced pink color meat that can persist for up to one year. Pink color meat is usually associated in consumers minds with fresh meat. The meat treated this way has been in the consumer market since 2003. How do Hormel and Cargill have fooled consumer for so long? | back 13 If meat has been exposed to carbon monoxide, it will remain pink because the iron atom is bound it CO, and CO keeps the iron atom in Fe2+ (ferrous state) |
front 14 Administration of 5-7% of CO2 to the O2 is sometimes used to treat CO poisoning. The advantage of CO2 addition is _________ and the disadvantage of CO2 addition is __________. | back 14 stimulates ventilation, the reduction of O2 delivery |
front 15 Why is HbF (fetal hemoglobin) suboptimal postpartum for delivery of O2? | back 15 Because it has a higher affinity for O2, which limits the quantity of O2, delivered to the tissues |
front 16 After releasing O2 at the tissues, hemoglobin transports- | back 16 CO2 and protons to the lungs |
front 17 Why does HbF have higher affinity for O2 that HbA? | back 17 BPG binds more weakly to HbF than to HbA |
front 18 Mutations that favor the R state (hemoglobin Chesapeake) leads to- | back 18 polycythemia |
front 19 The genetic defects known as thalassemias result from the partial or total absence of- | back 19 a (alpha) or B (beta) chains of hemoglobin |
front 20 Inhibitions of oxidative phosphorylation by cyanide ion leads to increases in which of the following? | back 20 lactic acid in blood causing acidosis |
front 21 The reduction half-reaction in the last step of the electron transport chain is- | back 21 O2+4e- + 4H+ --> 2H2O |
front 22 Which of the following procedures best describes the emergency intervention for cyanide poisoning? | back 22 Treatment with thosulfate to form thiocyanate |
front 23 A 16-month-old girl was found to have ingested approximately 30mL of an acetonitrile-based cosmetic nail remover. When she vomited 15 minutes post ingestion, the poison control center was contacted; however, no treatment was recommended because it was confused with an acetone based nail polish remover. The child was put to bed at her normal time, which was 2 hours post ingestion. Respirtory distress dveleoped sometime after the child was put to bed, and she was found dead the next morning. Inhibition of which of the following enzymes was most likely cause of this child's death? | back 23 cytochrome c oxidase |
front 24 Respitory distress is induced when exposed to rotenone because it inhibits the complex that catlyzes which of the following? | back 24 Electron transfer from NADH to coenzyme Q |
front 25 Which of the follwing statemeents is correct? | back 25 Nitrate ion (NO2) is administered to convert some oxyhemoglobin (HbO2(Fe2+)) to methemoglobin (met-HbOH(Fe3+) in cyanide treatment. |
front 26 True or False: For every pair of electrons passing down the chain from NADH or FADH2, 2H+ are pumped across the membrane by complex IV | back 26 True |
front 27 The ability to exist in both an oxidized and a reduced state is a chrateristic of - | back 27 electron carriers |
front 28 NADH can not penetrate the mitochondrial membrane, but it is produced continously in the cytosol by glycolysis. How do we transport this NADH from cytosol to mitochondria? | back 28 malate-shuttle and glycero-phosphate shuttle |
front 29 The major metabolic consequence of disturbance of the electron transfer in mitochondria is which of the following? | back 29 decreased regeneration of NAD+ |
front 30 FMN and FAD are dervived from the vitamin riboflavin (B2) and are called flavin coenzymes. Coenzymes are small organic molecules that are mostly derived from vitamins and are involved in enzyme catalyzed reactions. Sources of riboflavin are milk,cheese,leaf vegtables, liver, kidneys, mushrooms, and almonds. If someone has a B2 deficiency, which one of the follwoing energy pathways are most likely effected by this deficiency? | back 30 TCA cycle and ETC |
front 31 Genetic defects in fatty acid oxidation can account for severe weakness during exercise and up to 10% of sudden infant deaths, Could people with this defect produce glucose by gluconeogenesis? | back 31 No, because they would struggle to produce pyruvate which is needed for gluconeogenesis. |
front 32 In discussions of nutrition, energy is often expressed in units of calories. In this context a calorie means- | back 32 1000 kilocalories |
front 33 oxidative pathways are- | back 33 catabolic (breaking down) |
front 34 ATP production in RBC is totally dependent upon glucose and anareobic glycolysis because there are no mitochondria (no TCA cycle operating) in these cells. Why are there no mitochondria in RBC? | back 34 Lack of mitochondria makes red blood cells more flexible so they can pass through the capillary better. |
front 35 Which of the following options has the highest to lowest caloric content (kcal/g) | back 35 Fat>Alcohol>Carbohydrate=Protein |
front 36 The major carbohydrates in the diet are- | back 36 starches, sucrose, glucose, and fructose |
front 37 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is an irreversible reaction, acetyl CoA cannot be converted to pyruvate then to OAA. In the future, we may have a mutation in the enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. If acetyl CoA could be converted to pyruvate and then to OAA, would we still need to have glucose in our diet for the production of energy? | back 37 No, because we would be able to synthesize glucose effectively from fatty acids through this pathway. |
front 38 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is derived from niacin (B3 vitamin) and is a coenzyme used for many dehydrogenases. If someone has niacin deficiency, what kind of symptoms can you expect this person to have? | back 38 Fatigue, Anemia, Dementia |
front 39 Imagine a mutation happens to an individual and she ends up having a channel that lets H+ leak into the matrix of the mitochondria. What would be the consequence of the H+ leak? | back 39 The ETC would generate little or no ATP and all the H+ energy will convert to heat. |
front 40 What hormone(s) raises cAMP? | back 40 epinepherine, glucagon |
front 41 Why is the glycolytic pathway not 100% reversible | back 41 because it has 3 IRREVERSIBLE steps that are important to make pyruvate |
front 42 What steps are irreversible in glycolysis? | back 42 Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase |
front 43 During an extended fast , acetyl CoA is converted into | back 43 ketone bodies |
front 44 What is the primary source of glucose after fasting for a few hours? | back 44 the liver |
front 45 Glucose uptake outside the liver is regulated by what hormone? | back 45 Insulin |
front 46 What is the level of glucose and insulin in diabetic ketoacidosis? | back 46 Glucose is HIGH, and Insulin is LOW |
front 47 What hormone is the opposite of glucagon? | back 47 Insulin |
front 48 What molecule is used in glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway? | back 48 glucose-6-phosphate |
front 49 In the first step of glycolysis, how many ATPs are used to phosphorylate glucose? | back 49 1 ATP |
front 50 What are the relaxation steps in the sliding filament model? | back 50 Ca2+ releases from troponin, actin and myosin do not react, Ca2+ returns to SR |
front 51 What drug is administered to treat malignant hyperthermia? | back 51 dantrolene |
front 52 Why does rigor mortis occur? | back 52 due to the depletion of ATP which prevents myosin heads from detaching from actin |
front 53 Which troponin binds to calcium? | back 53 troponin C |
front 54 Which bands shorten during contraction | back 54 H and I bands |
front 55 What breaks when hemoglobin does a conformational change? | back 55 salt bridges |
front 56 In what scenario would myoglobin release O2? | back 56 excessive weight training |
front 57 Hemoglobin __________ oxygen | back 57 transports |
front 58 Myoglobin _________ oxygen | back 58 stores |
front 59 What happens when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells? | back 59 it forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) which reduces the hemoglobin ability to carry oxygen |
front 60 What promotes hemoglobin to transition from a high-oxygen-affinity state to a low-oxygen-affinity state? | back 60 2,3-BPG |
front 61 If there is no oxygen in hemoglobin, what state is it in | back 61 T (tense) state |
front 62 If there is oxygen present in hemoglobin, what state is it in? | back 62 R (relaxed) state |
front 63 What is the function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase? | back 63 it dehydrates carbonic acid and converts it to CO2 |
front 64 How many helices does myoglobin have? | back 64 8 |