front 1 Pyschology | back 1 the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
front 2 behavioral genetics | back 2 studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior |
front 3 behavioral neuroscience | back 3 examines the biological basis of behavior |
front 4 clinical psychology | back 4 deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders |
front 5 clinical neuropsychology | back 5 unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology, focusing on the relationship between biological factors and psychological disorders |
front 6 cognitive psych | back 6 focuses on the study of the higher mental processes |
front 7 counseling psych | back 7 focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems |
front 8 cross-cultural psych | back 8 investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups |
front 9 developmental psych | back 9 examines how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death |
front 10 diversity science | back 10 focuses on how society's diversity affects individual and group behavior |
front 11 educational psych | back 11 is concerned with teaching and learning processes, such as the relationship between motivation and school performance |
front 12 climate and environmental psych | back 12 considers how climate change affects behavior and the relationship between people and their physical environment |
front 13 evolutionary psych | back 13 considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors |
front 14 experimental psych | back 14 studies the processes of sensing, learning, and thinking about the world |
front 15 forensic psych | back 15 focuses on legal issues such as determining the accuracy of witness memories |
front 16 health psych | back 16 explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease |
front 17 industrial/organizational psych | back 17 is concerned with the psych of the workplace |
front 18 personality psych | back 18 focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another |
front 19 school psych | back 19 is devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems |
front 20 social psych | back 20 is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others |
front 21 scientific method | back 21 the approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest |
front 22 scientific method order | back 22 theory/idea -> hypothesis -> test -> conclude/repeat |
front 23 archival research | back 23 existing data, such as census documents, college records, online databases, etc are examined to test a hypothesis |
front 24 naturalistic observation | back 24 the investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not interfere or change the situation |
front 25 survey research | back 25 a sample of people chosen to represent a larger group of interest (population) is asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, and/or attitudes |
front 26 ethnographic research | back 26 seeks to understand the attitudes and values of a culture using an in-depth, extended examination of people in their own environment. |
front 27 case study | back 27 is an in-depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or small group. |
front 28 correlational research | back 28 two sets of variable are examined to determine whether they are associated or correlated. |
front 29 experimental research | back 29 a researcher investigates the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effects of the change |
front 30 experimental manipulation | back 30 the change that a researcher deliberately makes in an experiment |
front 31 ethnical guidelines | back 31 - protect participants from physical and mental harm - right of privacy - voluntary participation - inform about the nature of procedures - must be reviewed before a panel |
front 32 the two parts of the nervous system | back 32 central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
front 33 central nervous system | back 33 composed on the brain and spinal cord |
front 34 spinal cord | back 34 thickness of a pencil, contains a bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back |
front 35 reflex | back 35 an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus |
front 36 sensory (afferent) neurons | back 36 transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system and the brain |
front 37 motor (efferent) neurons | back 37 communicate information in the opposite direction, sending messages from the brain and nervous system to the muscles and glands |
front 38 peripheral nervous system | back 38 branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body; made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites; everything except from the brain and spinal cord |
front 39 divisions of the peripheral nervous system | back 39 somatic division and the autonomic division |
front 40 somatic division | back 40 division of the peripheral nervous system; specializes in the control of voluntary movements |
front 41 autonomic division | back 41 division of the peripheral nervous system; specializes in the control of the parts of the body that automatically function to keep us alive |
front 42 sympathetic division | back 42 part of the autonomic nervous system; prepares the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all the organism's resources to run away or confront the threat |
front 43 parasympathetic division | back 43 part of the autonomic nervous system; acts to calm the body after the emergency has ended |
front 44 evolutionary psych | back 44 the branch that seeks to identify how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestor |
front 45 behavioral genetics | back 45 study of the effects of heredity on behavior |
front 46 endocrine system | back 46 a chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream; secretes hormones |
front 47 hormones | back 47 chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning or growth of the body |
front 48 oxytocin | back 48 pleasure and satisfaction hormone |
front 49 artificial hormones | back 49 like testosterone |
front 50 neurons | back 50 nerve cells that are the basic components of the nervous system |
front 51 glial cells | back 51 hold neurons in place and provide nourishment for them |
front 52 dendrites | back 52 part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons |
front 53 axon | back 53 carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons |
front 54 terminal buttons | back 54 sends messages to other neurons, these messages are electrical |
front 55 myelin sheath | back 55 a protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon; helps to increase velocity with the electrical messages/impulses |
front 56 neurons firing | back 56 - either fire or don't (all or none law) - resting state (negative electrical charge of about 70 millivolts) - when a message arrives at a neuron the cell membrane briefly opens to allow the positive charge in |
front 57 action potential | back 57 moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse. it is the electrical impulse that travels after the positive charge reaches the critical level |
front 58 strong/weak stimulus | back 58 strong: higher rate of neuron's firing potential weak: lower rate |
front 59 mirror neurons | back 59 neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when they simply observe another individual carrying out the same behavior |
front 60 synapse | back 60 chemical connection that bridges the gap between two neurons - this is where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages |
front 61 neurotransmitters | back 61 carry messages from one neuron to another not all neurons are capable of receiving the chemical message carried by a particular neurotransmitter |
front 62 neuron fact | back 62 messages inside neurons are transmitted in electrical form, whereas messages traveling between neurons travel via chemical means |
front 63 excitatory messages | back 63 chemical messages that make it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire |
front 64 inhibitory messages | back 64 provide chemical information that prevents or decreases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire |
front 65 reuptake | back 65 the process in which a neurotransmitter produced by a terminal button is reabsorbed by the terminal button - helps to prevent constant stimulation or inhibition of receiving neurons |
front 66 acetylcholine (ACh) | back 66 excitatory in brain and autonomic nervous system; inhibitory elsewhere function: muscle movement, cognitive functioning diminished levels may be related to Alzheimer's |
front 67 glutamate | back 67 excitatory function: memory |
front 68 gamma-amino butyric acid (GAMA) | back 68 main inhibitory neurotransmitter function: eating, aggression, sleeping |
front 69 Dopamine (DA) | back 69 inhibitory or excitatory function: movement control, pleasure and reward, attention Parkinson's disease is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the brain Schizophrenia is caused by high levels of dopamine |
front 70 serotonin | back 70 Inhibitory function: sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression |
front 71 endorphins | back 71 primarily inhibitory, except in hippocampus function: pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos helps to elevate mood like runners high |
front 72 EEG | back 72 records electrical activity in the brain creates a pictorial representation of the brain. used to diagnose epilepsy and learning disabilities |
front 73 PET | back 73 show biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment. used radioactive liquid to determine active regions used to help diagnose memory problems, and tumors |
front 74 fMRI | back 74 3-D computer-generated image of the brains structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain |
front 75 TMS | back 75 uses magnetic fields to produce an understanding of the functioning of the brain. researchers can note the effects of a small regions interruption on normal brain functioning. |
front 76 central core | back 76 the "old brain" - similar in all vertebrates |
front 77 hippothalamus | back 77 responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control |
front 78 pituitary gland | back 78 primary gland that regulates other endocrine glands |
front 79 pons | back 79 involved in sleep and arousal |
front 80 reticular formation | back 80 a network of neurons related to sleep, arousal, and attention |
front 81 Spinal cord | back 81 responsible for communication between the brain and the rest of the body; involved with simple reflexes |
front 82 cerebral cortex | back 82 the "new brain" responsible for the most sophisticated processing |
front 83 corpus callosum | back 83 bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres |
front 84 thalamus | back 84 relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals |
front 85 cerebellum | back 85 controls bodily balance |
front 86 medulla | back 86 responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation |
front 87 limbic system | back 87 donut-shaped structure, including the amygdala and hippocampus, has some pleasure centers controls a variety of basic functions relating to emotions and self-preservation (reproduction, eating, etc) injury to the amygdala can promote excess aggression |
front 88 lobes | back 88 the four major sections of the cerebral cortex |
front 89 frontal lobe | back 89 made up of motor area (in control of voluntary movement) and Broca's area (speech and language) |
front 90 parietal lobe | back 90 somatosensory area (encompasses specific locations associated with the ability to perceive touch and pressure in a particular part of the body; more sensitive the body part is the greater the area devoted to it in the brain - our fingers is largest) and somatosensory association area |
front 91 temporal lobe | back 91 primary auditory area (sense of hearing), Wernicke's area (understanding others speech and language), auditory association area |
front 92 occipital lobe | back 92 visual area (stimulation by electrodes produces flashes of light or colors) and visual association area |
front 93 association areas of the brain | back 93 site of higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speech |
front 94 neuroplasticity | back 94 the brain's ability to change throughout the life span |
front 95 hemispheres | back 95 symmetrical let and right halves of the brain, control opposite side of the body |
front 96 lateralized | back 96 certain behaviors are more likely to reflect activity in one hemisphere than in the other language processing occurs more on the left and right is non verbal like patterns and drawings |
front 97 corpus callous | back 97 connects the cerebral hemispheres of the brain |
front 98 gender | back 98 the perception of being male or female |
front 99 sex | back 99 sexual anatomy |
front 100 gender roles | back 100 set of expectations defined by a society based on whats appropriate for men and women |
front 101 sexism | back 101 negative attitudes and behavior toward a person based on their gender |
front 102 benevolent sexism | back 102 attitudes relating to gender that appear on the surface to be beneficial to women but are, in reality, harmful |
front 103 gender differences | back 103 caused by a combination of biological, evolutionary, and social factors |
front 104 socialization | back 104 the process by which individuals learn the rules and norms of appropriate behavior in a given society or culture |
front 105 gender schema | back 105 a mental framework that organizes and guides a child's understanding of information relevant to gender |
front 106 nature | back 106 hereditary factors |
front 107 nurture | back 107 environmental influences |
front 108 cross-sectional research | back 108 compares people of different ages at the same point in time |
front 109 cohort | back 109 group of people who grow up at similar times, similar places, and similar conditions |
front 110 longitudinal research | back 110 assesses the behavior of one or more participants as the participants get older |
front 111 chromosones | back 111 rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information 23 pairs |
front 112 genes | back 112 smaller units in chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted |
front 113 DNA | back 113 sequences in genes that are like software |
front 114 zygote | back 114 when an egg becomes fertilized by sperm first 2 weeks of growth is called germinal period |
front 115 embryo | back 115 from week 2 to week 8 |
front 116 fetus | back 116 responds to touch, week 16-18 its movements become strong enough for mother to sense them age of visibility at week 22 week 24 there are many characteristics that will be visible at birth |
front 117 sensitive periods | back 117 time when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli |
front 118 Phenylketonuria (PKU) | back 118 child born with PKU cannot produce an enzyme that is required for normal development result of an accumulation of poisons |
front 119 sickle-cell anemia | back 119 one of a group of diseases that gets it's name from abnormally shaped red blood cells. causes pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems |
front 120 Tay-sachs disease | back 120 a disorder most often found in Jews, usually die by 3 or 4 due to an inability to break down fat |
front 121 down syndrome | back 121 extra chromosome |
front 122 teratogens | back 122 environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect |
front 123 in vitro fertilization (IVF) | back 123 women's eggs are removed and mans sperm fertilizes the egg in a lab, fertilized egg is implanted back into woman |
front 124 gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) | back 124 procedures where fertilized eggs are implanted into a woman's fallopian tubes |
front 125 basic newborn reflexes | back 125 rooting (turn their heads towards things that touch their cheeks), sucking (suck things that touch their lips), gag (to clear throat), Babinski (toes fan out), startle (flings out arms, fans fingers, arches back) |
front 126 attachment | back 126 the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual Harlow experience |
front 127 securely attached children | back 127 mother is a home base, they explore and come back |
front 128 avoidant children | back 128 want nothing to do with mother |
front 129 ambivalent children | back 129 back and forth, can't decide if they want mother |
front 130 authoritarian parents | back 130 rigid, strict, unsociable |
front 131 permissive | back 131 easy going, lax, undemanding |
front 132 authoritative | back 132 firm, sets limits, explains things with reasoning |
front 133 uninvolved | back 133 detaches, no demands and no reasoning |
front 134 temperament | back 134 basic, inborn characteristic way of responding and behavioral style |
front 135 psychological development | back 135 involves changes in our interactions and understanding of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society |
front 136 Erikson's first stage of psychological development | back 136 trust-versus-mistrust birth to 1.5 yrs, infants develop trust and mistrust |
front 137 Erikson's second stage of psychological development | back 137 autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt 1.5 yr to 3 yrs, toddlers develop independence and autonomy if supported by caregivers |
front 138 Erikson's third stage of psychological development | back 138 initvative-versus-guilt 3-6 years, desire to act independenly conflicts with the guilt that comes |
front 139 Erikson's fourth stage of psychological development | back 139 industry-versus-inferiority ages 6-12 years, efforts to meet the challenged presented by parents, peers, school, etc. |
front 140 cognitive development | back 140 the process by which a child's understanding of the world changes due to their age and experience |
front 141 Piaget's first stage | back 141 sensorimotor birth-2yr development of object permanence, motor skills, no symbolic representation |
front 142 Piaget's second stage | back 142 preoperational 2-7 years development of language and symbolic thinking, egocentric |
front 143 Piaget's third stage | back 143 concrete operational 7-12 years development of conservation, mastery of reversibility |
front 144 Piaget's fourth stage | back 144 formal operational 12 years - adult development of logical and abstract thinking |
front 145 moral level 1 | back 145 preconventional morality avoidance of punishment and desire for rewards |
front 146 moral level 2 | back 146 conventional membership in a society becomes important at this level, want to win approval of others |
front 147 moral level 3 | back 147 postconventional people accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions. these principles are more important than laws of society |
front 148 Piaget's fifth stage | back 148 identity vs role confusion adolescence, uniqueness of self and knowledge of a role to be followed |
front 149 Piaget's sixth stage | back 149 intimacy vs isolation early adulthood, development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships |
front 150 Piaget's seventh stage | back 150 generativity vs stagnation middle adulthood, sense of contribution to continuity of life (helping next generation) |
front 151 Piaget's eighth stage | back 151 Ego integrity vs despair late adulthood, sense of unity in life's accomplishments (looking back) |