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AP Biology Test, Chapter 6

front 1

basic features that all cells share

back 1

  • plasma membrane (selective barrier that bounds the cell)
  • cytosol (semifluid jellylike substance)
  • chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA)
  • ribosomes (tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes)

front 2

prokaryotic cells

back 2

  • lack nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles
  • small

"before nucleus"

front 3

eukaryotic cells

back 3

  • membrane-enclosed nucleus, contains cell's linear chromosomes
  • membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
  • larger (cell-wise)

"true nucleus"

front 4

what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

back 4

  • plasma membrane
  • ribosomes

front 5

cytoplasm

back 5

  • the interior of the cell that contains, within the cytosol, organelles
  • in eukaryotic cells - refers to the region between nucleus and the plasma membrane

front 6

organelle

back 6

  • a subcellular structure that have specialized forms and functions

front 7

plasma membrane

back 7

  • forms a boundary for the cell
  • selectively permeable
  • permits the passage of selected materials into and out of the cell

front 8

what is the plasma membrane made up of?

back 8

  • phospholipids
  • proteins
  • associated carbohydrates

(these molecules determine the function of the membrane)

front 9

what is going on inside the eukaryotic cell?

back 9

  • extensive, elaborately arranged internal membranes divide cell into compartments (organelles)
  • compartments provide different local environments that support specific metabolic functions
  • this allows incompatible processes to occur simultaneously in a single cell

front 10

how do the plasma membrane and organelle membranes participate in the cell's metabolism?

back 10

  • many enzymes are built right into the membranes

front 11

what is the basic fabric of most biological membranes?

back 11

  • a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids
  • embedded in bilayer/attached to surface are diverse proteins

front 12

membrane and composition

back 12

  • each type of membrane has a unique composition of lipids and proteins suited to that membrane's specific functions

example: enzymes in mitochondria membranes function in cellular respiration

front 13

cell wall (prokaryotic cell & plant cell)

back 13

  • rigid structure outside of the plasma membrane
  • in plants, protects and helps maintain their shape
  • provides a barrier for some substances to enter the plant cell
  • primary component: cellulose

front 14

bacterial chromosome (prokaryotic cell)

back 14

  • carries genes in the form of DNA

front 15

nucleoid (prokaryotic cell)

back 15

  • region where the cell's DNA is located (not membrane bound)

front 16

endoplasmic reticulum

back 16

  • network of membranous sacs and tubes
  • active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic + metabolic processes
  • has rough and smooth regions

front 17

plasmodesmata (plant cell)

back 17

  • perforate the cell wall
  • channels that connect plant cells
  • allow communication and movement of materials between cells

front 18

which two cellular components are involved in the genetic control of the cell?

back 18

  • nucleus
  • ribosomes

front 19

nucleus

back 19

  • houses most of the cell's DNA
  • template to make messenger RNA (mRNA), which contains the code to produce protein
  • most noticeable organelle in cell due to large relative size

front 20

nuclear envelope

back 20

  • a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
  • continuous with the rough ER
  • has pore structures that regulate what may enter or leave the nucleus

front 21

chromatin

back 21

  • complex of DNA and protein housed in the nucleus that forms chromosomes
  • diffuse threads of this condense into visible chromosomes as cell gets ready to divide

front 22

nucleolus

back 22

  • region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits

front 23

ribosomes

back 23

  • complexes that synthesize protein
  • composed of rRNA and protein
  • sites of protein synthesis within the cell
  • consist of a large and small subunit

front 24

free ribosomes

back 24

  • float in cytosol
  • produce proteins that are used within the cell

front 25

bound ribosomes

back 25

  • attached to the ER
  • make proteins destined for export from the cell

front 26

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

back 26

  • network of membranes and sacs
  • makes up more than half the total membrane structure in many cells
  • two types of ER: smooth and rough

front 27

cisternal space

back 27

  • internal area of the ER

front 28

smooth ER

back 28

  • synthesis of lipids
  • detoxification of drugs and poisons
  • metabolism of carbohydrates
  • storage of calcium ions

front 29

rough ER

back 29

  • aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins on bound ribosomes
  • adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins
  • produces new membrane

front 30

what does the endomembrane system consist of?

back 30

ER (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole

front 31

golgi apparatus

back 31

  • stacks of flattened membranous sacs
  • has polarity (cis and trans faces)
  • modifies proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids
  • synthesizes polysaccharides
  • sorting of "golgi" products - released into vesicles

front 32

lysosomes

back 32

  • membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
  • breakdown ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

front 33

vacuole

back 33

  • large membrane-bound vesicle
  • assist in digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection

front 34

what does the endomembrane system do?

back 34

  • organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

front 35

mitochondrion

back 35

  • bounded by double membrane
  • inner membrane has infoldings
  • function: cellular respiration

front 36

chloroplast

back 36

  • two fluid membranes around fluid stomata (contains thylakoids stacked into grana)
  • function: photosynthesis

front 37

peroxisome

back 37

  • specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
  • contains enzymes that transfer H atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide, which is converted to H2O

front 38

cytoskeleton

back 38

  • functions in structural support for the cell and in mobility and signal transmission

front 39

microtubules

back 39

  • shape the cell
  • guide organelle movement
  • separate chromosomes in dividing cells

front 40

cilia and flagella

back 40

  • motile appendages containing microtubules
  • primary cilia play sensory and signaling roles

front 41

microfilaments

back 41

  • thin rods that function in muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming, and support of microvilli

front 42

intermediate filaments

back 42

  • support cell shape
  • fix organelles in place

front 43

what are plant cell walls made of?

back 43

  • cellulose fibers imbedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

front 44

extracellular matrix

back 44

  • animal cells secrete glycoproteins and proteoglycans that form this
  • functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

front 45

cell junctions

back 45

  • connect neighboring cells

front 46

how do plant cells connect?

back 46

  • plasmodesmata

front 47

how do animal cells connect?

back 47

  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions

front 48

the cell is...

back 48

  • a living unit greater than the sum of its parts

front 49

endosymbiotic theory

back 49

  • mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from prokaryotic cells once engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

EVIDENCE: double membrane structure, own ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, reproduce independently within the cell