front 1 What is mitosis? | back 1 The process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two. (A parent cell to 2 daughter cells) |
front 2 What does the word mitosis mean? | back 2 threads (because of its threadlike appearance) |
front 3 What are the microtubules collectively known as? | back 3 the spindle |
front 4 What are centrosomes? | back 4 they organize the microtubules and control cell division |
front 5 What are the phases of mitosis? | back 5 Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
front 6 What happens during prophase? | back 6 The first stage of mitosis. when the parent cells condense and become compacted. The miotic spindle also begin to form |
front 7 Each duplicated chromosome consist of _______ joined at a point called the _______. | back 7 two sister chromosomes; centromere |
front 8 What DNA-binding proteins catalyze the condensation process? | back 8 cohesin and condensin |
front 9 What is cohesin? | back 9 It forms rings that hold the sister chromatids together |
front 10 What is condensin? | back 10 Forms rings that coil the chromosomes into compact forms |
front 11 What happens in prometaphase? | back 11 phosphorylation of nuclear lamins by M-CDK causes the nuclear membrane to break down into numerous small vesicles. The spindle microtubules now have access to DNA |
front 12 What is the kinetochore? | back 12 a complex of proteins positioned at the centromere. Its kind of like a tug of war game that ensues as the chromosomes move back and forth toward the two poles |
front 13 What happens during metaphase? | back 13 the chromosomes align along the cell equator and become balanced. The chromosomes no longer move back and forth. The spindle is also complete. |
front 14 What does the kinetochore microtubules do during metaphase? | back 14 they attach the chromosomes to the spindle pole |
front 15 What does the interpolar microtubules do during metaphase? | back 15 extend from the spindle pole across the equator, almost to the opposite spindle pole |
front 16 What do the astral microtubules do during metaphase? | back 16 They extend from the spindle pole to the cell membrane |
front 17 What happens during anaphase? | back 17 Each chromosome's sister chromatids separate and |
front 18 What happens specifically in anaphase A? | back 18 the kinetochore microtubules shorten and draw the chromosomes toward the spindle poles |
front 19 What happens specifically in anaphase B? | back 19 the astral microtubules that are anchored to the cell membrane pull the poles further apart and the interpolar microtubules slide past each othe |
front 20 What happens during telophase? | back 20 the chromosomes arrive at the cell poles, the mitotic spindle disassembles, and the vesicles that contain fragments of the original nuclear membrane assemble around the two sets of chromosomes |
front 21 The dephosphorylation in telophase results in the formation of what? | back 21 new nuclear membrane around each group of chromosomes |
front 22 What happens during cytokinesis? | back 22 the physical process that finally splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells |
front 23 What is the cleavage furrow? And what filaments cause this? | back 23 During cytokinesis, the cell membrane pinches in at the cell equator, forming a cleft. myosin and actin filaments |
front 24 What is meiosis? | back 24 cell division that educes the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. (It produces egg and sperm cell for sexual reproduction) |
front 25 What are the steps of meiosis? | back 25 It starts with a diploid parent and the parent goes through DNA replication and are then separated in 2 cycles. The results are 4 haploid daughter cells which contain half the number of chromosomes. |
front 26 What is meiosis I? | back 26 A type of cell division unique to germ cells |
front 27 What are the steps of prohase I? | back 27 1. the complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. 2. The pairs of replicated chromosomes are known as sister
chromatids, and they remain joined at a central point called the 3. A large structure called the meiotic spindle also forms from long proteins called microtubules on each side, or pole, of the cell |
front 28 What is a tetrad? | back 28 (Formed by homologous chromosomes between prophase I and metaphase I.) Within the tetrad, any pair of chromatid arms can overlap and fuse in a process called crossing-over or recombination. |
front 29 What is recombination? | back 29 A process that breaks, recombines and rejoins sections of DNA to produce new combinations of genes. |
front 30 What happens in metaphase I? | back 30 the homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate |
front 31 What happens in anaphase I? | back 31 the spindle fibers contract and pull the homologous pairs, each with two chromatids, away from each other and toward each pole of the cell. |
front 32 What happens in telophase I? | back 32 The chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei |
front 33 What happens in cytokinesis in meiosis I? | back 33 It divides the cytoplasm of the original cell into two daughter cells where each one has half the total number of chromosomes of the original cell |
front 34 What is meiosis II? | back 34 It is very similar to mitosis and is the division of each haploid cell produced by the first stage |
front 35 What happens during prophase II? | back 35 The chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms. The chromosomes begin moving toward the equator of the cell. |
front 36 What happens during metaphase II? | back 36 the centromeres of the paired chromatids align along the equatorial plate in both cells. |
front 37 What happens during anaphase II? | back 37 the chromosomes separate at the centromeres. The spindle fibers pull the separated chromosomes toward each pole of the cell. |
front 38 What happens during telophase II? | back 38 The chromosomes are enclosed in nuclear membrane |
front 39 What happens during cytokinesis in meiosis II? | back 39 dividing the cytoplasm of the two cells where there are 4 haploid daughter cells that develop into sperm or egg cells |
front 40 What is sex linkage? | back 40 genes that are located on the sex chromosomes. |
front 41 What are sex chromosomes? | back 41 They determine whether an individual is male or female. (females (eggs) have XX and males(sperm) have XY) |
front 42 What are non-sex chromosomes called? | back 42 autosomes and they come in homologous pairs |
front 43 What are homologous pairs? | back 43 They have the same gene arranged in the same order |
front 44 True or false. X and Y chromosomes have different genes | back 44 true |
front 45 How many genes do the X and Y chromosomes have? | back 45 X - more than 1000 Y - only a few |
front 46 An egg and sperm join to make what? | back 46 a zygote which develop into an offspring |
front 47 Which chromosomes passes from father to son? | back 47 Y chromosome |
front 48 Genes code for what? | back 48 proteins and proteins make traits |
front 49 What are alleles? | back 49 different versions of the same gene |
front 50 Why are sex linked disorders more common males than female? | back 50 Because males have no back up copy of genes. These differences lead to specific inheritance patterns for sex linked genes |
front 51 Recombination makes what? | back 51 new allele combinations, which can be passed to offsprings |
front 52 In which sex chromosomes is no recombination? | back 52 the XY male animals |
front 53 True or false. Genes that are genetically linked are inherited separately less than 50% of the time | back 53 true |
front 54 What is sordaria? | back 54 A fungus that is convenient to use in labs for conducting tetrad analysis of segregation of color mutants. (Spends half of its life in a haploid vegetative state) |
front 55 Finish reading about sordaria | back 55 kk |