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chapter 16

front 1 What does susceptibility mean in the context of host defenses? A) Ability to resist disease B) Lack of resistance to disease C) Immunity against a specific pathogen D) Adaptive immunity	back 1 B
front 2 What is the primary function of the immune system? A) To produce red blood cells B) To ward off disease C) To transport oxygen D) To digest food	back 2 B
front 3 What is nonspecific resistance also known as? A) Adaptive immunity B) Innate immunity C) Passive immunity D) Acquired immunity	back 3 B
front 4 What type of immunity is slower to respond but has a memory component? A) Nonspecific resistance B) Innate immunity C) Specific resistance D) Temporary immunity	back 4 C

front 5 Which physical factor involves the tightly packed cells with keratin? A) Mucous membranes B) Skin C) Ciliary escalator D) Lacrimal apparatus	back 5 B
front 6 What is the role of mucous membranes in host defense? A) To secrete sebum B) To trap microbes C) To produce antibodies D) To filter blood	back 6 B
front 7 What mechanism transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs? A) Peristalsis B) Ciliary escalator C) Defecation D) Vomiting	back 7 B
front 8 Which fluid washes away microbes from the eyes? A) Saliva B) Urine C) Vaginal secretions D) Tears	back 8 D

front 9 What substance in saliva helps prevent colonization of teeth by microbes? A) Lysozyme B) Sebum C) Gastric juice D) Earwax	back 9 A
front 10 Which of the following prevents microbes from entering the ear? A) Tears B) Urine C) Earwax D) Saliva	back 10 C
front 11 What is the pH of the skin that inhibits the growth of pathogens? A) 7 B) 5 C) 3 D) 9	back 11 B
front 12 What enzyme found in perspiration, tears, and saliva destroys cell walls of microbes? A) Pepsin B) Amylase C) Lysozyme D) Lactase	back 12 C

front 13 What pH range of gastric juice kills most microbes? A) 1.2 - 3.0 B) 4.0 - 6.0 C) 6.0 - 7.5 D) 7.5 - 8.5	back 13 A
front 14 What is microbial antagonism also known as? A) Commensalism B) Parasitism C) Competitive exclusion D) Mutualism	back 14 C
front 15 Which bacteria produce bacteriocins that inhibit the growth of Salmonella and Shigella? A) Streptococcus B) E. coli C) Staphylococcus D) Bacillus	back 15 B
front 16 How many bacteria are there approximately on a human body? A) 1 x 10^6 B) 1 x 10^8 C) 1 x 10^12 D) 1 x 10^14	back 16 D

front 17 What is the normal range of white blood cell count per cubic millimeter? A) 2,000–5,000 B) 5,000–10,000 C) 10,000–15,000 D) 15,000–20,000	back 17 B
front 18 What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils? A) 20% to 25% B) 3% to 8% C) 2% to 4% D) 60% to 70%	back 18 D
front 19 Which cells are involved in specific immunity? A) Neutrophils B) Monocytes C) Lymphocytes D) Eosinophils	back 19 C
front 20 What are the cells that differentiate into macrophages called? A) Eosinophils B) Monocytes C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes	back 20 B

front 21 Where are dendritic cells commonly found? A) Bloodstream B) Skin and mucous membranes C) Bone marrow D) Lymph nodes	back 21 B
front 22 What is the primary function of lymphocytes? A) Phagocytosis B) Oxygen transport C) Specific immunity D) Blood clotting	back 22 C
front 23 Which cells release histamine during an allergic reaction? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Monocytes	back 23 C
front 24 What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system? A) Produce antibodies B) Destroy pathogens by engulfing them C) Secrete mucus D) Produce histamine	back 24 B

front 25 What are fixed macrophages that reside in the liver called? A) Microglia B) Kupffer cells C) Osteoclasts D) Langerhans cells	back 25 B
front 26 What do free (wandering) macrophages do? A) Remain fixed in tissues B) Roam tissues and gather at sites of infection C) Secrete digestive enzymes D) Produce antibodies	back 26 B
front 27 Which phase of phagocytosis involves the attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms? A) Adherence B) Chemotaxis C) Ingestion D) Digestion	back 27 B
front 28 What is opsonization in the context of phagocytosis? A) The attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of a microorganism B) The coating of a microorganism with serum proteins C) The ingestion of a microorganism by a phagocyte D) The digestion of a microorganism inside a phagolysosome	back 28 B

front 29 What are toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in? A) Oxygen transport B) Pathogen recognition C) Hormone secretion D) Protein synthesis	back 29 B
front 30 Which cells play a role in the inflammatory response by releasing cytokines? A) Red blood cells B) Neutrophils C) T-helper cells D) Platelets	back 30 C
front 31 What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? A) Redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function B) Fever, nausea, fatigue, headache, dizziness C) Coughing, sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, congestion D) Itching, rash, swelling, hives, fever	back 31 A
front 32 Which phase of the inflammatory response involves the increase in permeability of blood vessels? A) Chemotaxis B) Adherence C) Edema D) Diapedesis	back 32 C

front 33 What chemical is responsible for vasodilation during inflammation? A) Histamine B) Lysozyme C) Pepsin D) Amylase	back 33 A
front 34 Which cells produce interleukin-1 (IL-1) during an inflammatory response? A) Red blood cells B) Macrophages C) Platelets D) Eosinophils	back 34 B
front 35 What does IL-1 stimulate in the hypothalamus? A) Decreased metabolism B) Increased appetite C) Release of prostaglandins D) Production of antibodies	back 35 C
front 36 Which organ produces serum proteins that assist in destroying microbes? A) Kidney B) Heart C) Liver D) Pancreas	back 36 C

front 37 What does complement activation result in? A) Protein synthesis B) Phagocytosis C) Cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation D) Hormone secretion	back 37 C
front 38 Which pathway of complement activation involves antibodies? A) Alternative pathway B) Classical pathway C) Lectin pathway D) Direct pathway	back 38 B
front 39 What components combine to activate C3 in the classical pathway? A) C1 and C4 B) C2 and C4 C) B and D D) C1 and C2	back 39 B
front 40 What is the role of C3b in the complement system? A) Inflammation B) Cytolysis C) Opsonization D) All of the above	back 40 D

front 41 Which pathway of complement activation does not involve antibodies? A) Classical pathway B) Lectin pathway C) Alternative pathway D) Direct pathway	back 41 C
front 42 What factors combine with C3 in the alternative pathway? A) A, B, C B) B, D, P C) C1, C2, C4 D) E, F, G	back 42 B
front 43 What results from the activation of C3a in the complement system? A) Phagocytosis B) Cytolysis C) Inflammation D) Opsonization	back 43 C
front 44 Which cells play a role in both phagocytosis and antigen presentation? A) Red blood cells B) Dendritic cells C) Platelets D) Eosinophils	back 44 B

front 45 What process involves neutrophils clinging to the walls of capillaries in the injured area? A) Chemotaxis B) Margination C) Diapedesis D) Adherence	back 45 B
front 46 Which immune cells are the primary responders during the initial phase of inflammation? A) Lymphocytes B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Neutrophils	back 46 D
front 47 What effect does fever have on the liver and spleen? A) Increases blood flow B) Reserves iron C) Produces antibodies D) Decreases metabolism	back 47 B
front 48 Which immune cells are involved in the body's response to parasitic worms? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Monocytes D) Basophils	back 48 B

front 49 What is the role of prostaglandins in inflammation? A) Cause vasodilation B) Intensify the effects of kinins C) Produce antibodies D) Decrease permeability of blood vessels	back 49 B
front 50 Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever induction? A) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) B) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) C) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) D) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)	back 50 A
front 51 What stimulates lectin production in the liver? A) Antibodies B) Cytokines C) Prostaglandins D) Histamines	back 51 B
front 52 What does Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) bind to? A) Lipopolysaccharides B) Peptidoglycan C) Mannose D) Glycogen	back 52 C

front 53 Which proteins are activated by MBL in the lectin pathway? A) C1 and C3 B) C2 and C4 C) C3 and C5 D) B and D	back 53 B
front 54 What is the result of C2a and C4b activation in the lectin pathway? A) Formation of C1 complex B) Activation of C3 C) Production of antibodies D) Release of cytokines	back 54 B