front 1 Blood consists of ___ | back 1 Plasma and formed elements |
front 2 Plasma (46-63%) composition | back 2 - Plasma proteins (7%) - Other solutes (1%) - Water (92%)- transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat |
front 3 Plasma proteins | back 3 - Albumin (60%)- osmotic pressure; transport lipids, hormones, and steroids - Globulins (35%)- transport immunoglobulins (antibodies) and other globulins - Fibrinogen (4%)- essential for clotting - Regulatory proteins (<1%)- enzymes, proenzymes, hormones |
front 4 Other solutes | back 4 Electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes |
front 5 Formed elements (37%-54%) | back 5 - Platelets and white blood cells (0.1%) - Red blood cells (99.9%) |
front 6 Platelets | back 6 Fragments of megakaryocytes critical for clotting |
front 7 WBC- leukocytes- defense against infection | back 7 - Neutrophils (50-70%) - Eosinophils (2-4%) - Basophils (<1%) - Lymphocytes (20-30%) - Monocytes (3-8%) |
front 8 Red blood cells | back 8 Erythrocytes deliver O2 and remove CO2 |
front 9 Components of plasma: water | back 9 - More than 90% of plasma by volume - Helps blood function as temperature buffer (absorbs heat) |
front 10 Components of plasma: plasma proteins | back 10 - Albumin: too large to leave the bloodstream; regulate osmolarity and function as carrier molecules - Globulins: also function as carrier proteins - Clotting factors: play an essential role in blood clotting - Water soluble hormones |
front 11 ___ ___ include cells and their fragments | back 11 Formed elements |
front 12 Buffy coat | back 12 - Leukocytes <0.01% - Thrombocytes <0.01% - Erythrocytes 99.9% |
front 13 Erythrocyte ___ complements functions | back 13 Structure |
front 14 Biconcave shape allows RBCs to — | back 14 Bend, fold and stack to prevent blockage in tiny blood vessels |
front 15 Biconcavity also increases ___ | back 15 Surface area for gas exchange |
front 16 Anucleate | back 16 Non-mitotic, carry very little DNA, unable to synthesize proteins |
front 17 Erythrocytes are prone to ___ | back 17 Apoptosis |
front 18 ___ is the process of red blood cell formation | back 18 Erythropoiesis |
front 19 Erythropoiesis | back 19 - Hematopoietic stem cell - Myeloid stem cell - Proerythroblast - Basophilic erythroblast - Polychromatic erythroblast - Orthochromatic erythroblast -> nucleus ejection - Reticulocyte - Mature erythrocyte |
front 20 Erythropoiesis is ___ | back 20 Increasing hemoglobin, organelle degradation, decreasing size of nucleus |
front 21 Regulation of erythropoiesis by ___ | back 21 EPO |
front 22 Hypoxia and testosterone both ___ | back 22 Signal EPO release |
front 23 EPO drives ___ | back 23 Erythrocyte maturation |
front 24 Blood doping | back 24 Artificially inducing polycythemia by taking testosterone, EPO or highly-packed RBC suspensions |
front 25 Anemia | back 25 Blood disorders characterized by the body's failure to supply tissues with adequate O2 |
front 26 ___ reversibly binds to blood gases within erythrocytes | back 26 Hemoglobin |
front 27 Features of hemoglobin | back 27 - Globular, tetrameric protein formed from 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (adult) or 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains (fetus) - Each contains a heme group that binds oxygen using iron - Binding sites for O2 are cooperative |
front 28 Oxyhemoglobin | back 28 Bound to O2 |
front 29 Deoxyhemoglobin | back 29 No O2 bound |
front 30 Sickle cell anemia | back 30 - Most common heritable blood disorder - Mutation causes mis-folded beta chain, polymerization of hemoglobin and change of the RBC's shape - Sickled RBCs are prone to clogging and have decreased ability to unload O2 |
front 31 Sickle cell anemia: causes | back 31 - Single point mutation in beta globin gene - Passed on as a survival advantage in regions with high rates of malaria |
front 32 Iron from erythrocytes is ___ ___ in the body | back 32 Carefully recycles |
front 33 Fate of heme | back 33 - Heme converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin - Bilirubin transported through plasma to liver; incorporated into bile - In intestine, bilirubin is converted to stercobilin and incorporated into feces |
front 34 Fate of iron | back 34 Iron is bound to transferrin, then transported to bone marrow for erythropoiesis |
front 35 General characteristics of leukocytes | back 35 - Nucleated, have membrane-bound organelles, do not contain hemoglobin - Move through amoeboid motion - Move in response to chemical signals (chemotaxis) - Form transient bonds to blood vessels using adhesion receptors (margination) - Can slip between endothelial cells (diapedesis) |
front 36 Neutrophils (physical characteristics) | back 36 - Large and polymorphonuclear - Light purple when stained and viewed under microscope |
front 37 Neutrophils | back 37 - Efficient killers of bacteria - Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes, defensins (antimicrobial peptides) and lysozyme (digests bacterial cell wall) |
front 38 Eosinophils (physical characteristics) | back 38 - Large with bi-lobed nuclei; stain bright red with acidic dye eosin - Secrete four distinct cationic proteins that exert a range of effects |
front 39 Eosinophils | back 39 - Combat multicellular parasites (ex: flatworms) - Also contribute to allergies/asthma |
front 40 Basophils (physical characteristics) | back 40 - Have bi-lobed nuclei; stain dark blue with basic dyes - Granules contain histamine, serotonin, heparin and prostaglandins |
front 41 Basophils | back 41 - Play a supporting role at sites of infection - Also contribute to allergies and anaphylaxis |
front 42 Lymphocytes (physical characteristics) | back 42 - Smallest leukocyte; have single nucleus - Stain dark blue and purple |
front 43 Lymphocytes | back 43 - B-lymphocytes: responsible for producing antibodies - T-lymphocytes: defend against abnormal, cancerous or virus-infected cells |
front 44 Monocytes (physical characteristics) | back 44 - Largest leukocyte; have U-shaped nucleus and stain dark blue and purple |
front 45 Monocytes | back 45 - Exit circulation and transform into macrophages, which engulf foreign invaders by phagocytosis - Can be grouped into inflammatory macrophages or non-inflammatory macrophages |
front 46 Mononucleosis (kissing disease) | back 46 Causes: - Infection: most likely EBV - Virus is transmitted through saliva, semen and blood Symptoms: - Flu-like symptoms - Virus causes T cells to enlarge as they fight infected cells, resembling monocytes |
front 47 Blood type | back 47 Determined by carbohydrate markers on plasma membrane of erythrocytes |
front 48 Positive blood type | back 48 Presence of Rhesus factor |
front 49 Negative blood type | back 49 Absence of Rhesus factor |
front 50 AB+ | back 50 Universal recipient |
front 51 AB- | back 51 Can receive blood from: O-, A-, B-, AB- |
front 52 B+ | back 52 Can receive blood from: O-, O+, B-, B+ |
front 53 B- | back 53 Can receive blood from: O-, B- |
front 54 A+ | back 54 Can receive blood from: O-, O+, A-, A+ |
front 55 A- | back 55 Can receive blood from: O-, A- |
front 56 O+ | back 56 Can receive blood from: O-, O+ |
front 57 O- | back 57 Universal donor Can receive blood from: O- |
front 58 Hemolytic disease of the newborn | back 58 Attack of fetal RBCs by maternal immune system leading to miscarriage |
front 59 Causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn | back 59 - Fetus is Rh+ while mother is Rh- - First pregnancy sensitizes mother, so anti-Rh antibodies are present for second pregnancy - Anti-Rh antibodies are small enough to cross the placental barrier |
front 60 Treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn | back 60 Injection of anti-Rh antibodies into mother (destroy Rh+ cells before immune system can notice them) |
front 61 ___ is the process of stopping blood loss | back 61 Hemostasis |
front 62 1. Vascular spasm phase | back 62 Vasoconstriction - Immediately after a vessel is damaged, smooth muscle constricts to limit blood flow - Initiated by endothelin, tissue factor and ADP |
front 63 2. Platelet plug formation phase | back 63 - Platelets arrive at the site of damage and adhere to sticky endothelium - Release chemical messengers thromboxane A2, ADP, Ca2+ ions and clotting factors - Form platelet plug - Promote wound healing |
front 64 3. Coagulation (clotting) phase | back 64 Reinforcement of platelet plug by web-like protein mesh formed by fibrin |
front 65 4. Clot retraction (stable clot) | back 65 Platelets contract to make the clot more compact and pull wound edges closer together |
front 66 Human blood clotting | back 66 - Clotting factors activate prothrombin - Prothrombin activates thrombin -Thrombin activates fibrinogen (soluble), becomes insoluble - Fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an insoluble clot |
front 67 Clotting factors are synthesized in the ___ | back 67 Liver- vitamin K dependent process |
front 68 Factors secreted as ___ to avoid inappropriate clotting | back 68 Zymogens |
front 69 Activation of thrombin is important ___ | back 69 - Drives the coagulation phase - Multiple pathways to activation - The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge at the common pathway |
front 70 Common pathway | back 70 - Prothrombin activates thrombin, which activates fibrin, which creates a stable cot - Thrombin creates a positive feedback loop with clotting factors 12 and 11 |
front 71 Anticoagulant pathway | back 71 - Prevent clotting - Thrombin and thrombomodulin - Protein C becomes activated by thrombin and thrombomodulin which inhibits clotting factor 12 which activates the anticoagulant |
front 72 Fibrinolytic pathway | back 72 - Break down clots - Plasminogen gets activated by tissue plasminogen activator, activates fibrin |